Role of systemic inflammation in cirrhosis: From pathogenesis to prognosis

Table 1 Proposed inflammation-related prognostic markers in advanced cirrhosis

Marker	Ref.	Prognostic implications	Study population	Limitations
SIRS	[52,53-55]	Portal hypertension-related complications and death	Decompensated cirrhosis patients admitted for acute decompensating events	Baseline elevated heart rate, respiratory frequency, and decreased PMN count in cirrhosis
Total leukocyte count	[16,48,56,57]	Development of ACLF, ACLF progression, ACLF related- mortality	ACLF	Hypersplenism possible cause of PMN count reduction, lack of clinically validated cut-off point
Absolute eosinophil count	[58]	Short-term mortality	Decompensated cirrhosis patients admitted for acute decompensating events	No external validation
Neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio	[59]	Short-term mortality	End-stage cirrhosis patients listed for liver transplant	No external validation
PCT	[62,63]	Infection, short-term mortality	Decompensated cirrhosis patients admitted for acute decompensating events	Lack of studies in non-infected cohorts
CRP	[62-68]	Infection, short-term mortality, HCC-related mortality	Decompensated cirrhosis patients admitted for acute decompensating events	Utility in organ allocation and HCC prognostic scores still to be validated

SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome; PMN: Polymorphonuclear leukocyte; ACLF: Acute-on-chronic liver failure; PCT: Procalcitonin; CRP: C-reactive protein; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.