Analysis of risk factors and a prediction model for rebleeding in liver cirrhosis patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding

doi:10.4254/wjh.123456

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World Journal of Hepatology

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1948-5182

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Hepatol. Sep 27, 2026; 18(9): 123456
Published online Sep 27, 2026. doi: 10.4254/wjh.123456

Table 1 Comparison of basic data between non-rebleeding group and rebleeding group, n (%)/median (interquartile range)

Variable	Non-rebleeding group (n = 68)	Rebleeding group (n = 62)	Statistic	P value
Age (years)	51.50 (44.75-59.50)	54.00 (49.00-67.75)	Z = -2.120	0.034
Gender			χ² = 1.050	0.305
Male	56 (82.35)	55 (88.71)
Female	12 (17.65)	7 (11.29)
Relevant histories
Smoking history	50 (73.53)	48 (77.42)	χ² = 0.264	0.607
Drinking history	45 (66.18)	48 (77.42)	χ² = 2.013	0.156
Past medical history
History of hypertension	15 (22.06)	8 (12.90)	χ² = 1.867	0.172
History of diabetes	53 (77.94)	54 (87.10)	χ² = 2.816	0.093
Etiology of cirrhosis				0.863
HBV-related cirrhosis	30 (44.12)	23 (37.10)
Alcoholic cirrhosis	23 (33.82)	22 (35.48)
HCV-related cirrhosis	3 (4.41)	3 (4.84)
Other	12 (17.65)	14 (22.58)

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus.

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Table 2 Comparison of laboratory tests between non-rebleeding group and rebleeding group, median (interquartile range)

Variable	Non-rebleeding group (n = 68)	Rebleeding group (n = 62)	Statistic	P value
WBC	4.44 (3.25-6.57)	5.57 (3.73-7.17)	Z = -1.522	0.128
RBC	3.75 (3.17-4.22)	2.75 (2.40-3.36)	Z = -4.247	< 0.001
PLT	85.00 (65.50-124.25)	84.50 (66.25-115.75)	Z = -0.261	0.794
LYM	1.15 (0.80-1.46)	0.95 (0.61-1.22)	Z = -2.156	0.031
RDW-SD	46.85 (43.25-53.25)	48.55 (44.27-54.35)	Z = -0.958	0.338
RDW-CV	14.85 (13.70-18.22)	16.55 (15.60-19.75)	Z = -2.862	0.004
RDW-CV/LYM	14.59 (9.89-22.41)	18.88 (13.54-27.71)	Z = -2.832	0.005
RDW-CV/PLT	0.17 (0.11-0.28)	0.20 (0.14-0.28)	Z = -1.369	0.171
PLR	74.05 (52.62-106.95)	92.80 (60.77-165.13)	Z = -1.834	0.067
NLR	2.44 (1.51-3.82)	4.01 (2.73-6.40)	Z = -4.093	< 0.001
Platelet hematocrit	0.09 (0.06-0.13)	0.08 (0.06-0.10)	Z = -0.507	0.612
ALb	33.00 (28.50-36.32)	31.80 (29.05-34.55)	Z = -0.848	0.396
A/G	1.11 (0.89-1.36)	1.27 (0.97-1.47)	Z = -1.834	0.067
DBIL	12.30 (7.33-34.57)	15.35 (9.80-28.15)	Z = -0.739	0.460
TBIL	28.05 (15.15-62.15)	27.05 (19.40-44.55)	Z = -0.019	0.985
AST	42.50 (29.00-59.50)	39.50 (28.25-90.50)	Z = -0.893	0.372
ALT	28.00 (18.00-45.25)	32.00 (19.25-45.00)	Z = -0.415	0.678
CK-MB	30.50 (20.00-41.25)	35.00 (23.00-51.25)	Z = -2.124	0.034
BUN	4.20 (3.25-5.41)	6.84 (4.81-10.10)	Z = -4.561	< 0.001
CR	69.00 (59.00-85.25)	67.00 (58.25-91.50)	Z = -0.049	0.961
UA	284.00 (241.00-366.50)	299.00 (228.50-386.50)	Z = -0.040	0.968
TG	0.87 (0.66-1.24)	0.85 (0.73-1.43)	Z = -0.566	0.571
TC	3.88 (3.21-4.41)	3.12 (2.53-4.01)	Z = -3.242	0.001
HDL-C	1.08 (0.76-1.31)	0.88 (0.62-1.21)	Z = -1.485	0.138
LDL-C	2.00 (1.39-2.48)	1.71 (1.38-2.58)	Z = -0.145	0.885
PTA	58.00 (48.15-70.20)	56.60 (48.70-70.20)	Z = -0.165	0.869
PT	14.25 (13.00-15.77)	14.80 (13.03-16.40)	Z = -0.783	0.433
INR	1.24 (1.13-1.44)	1.30 (1.13-1.45)	Z = -0.879	0.379
APTT	33.15 (28.35-40.58)	30.95 (26.10-36.05)	Z = -1.925	0.054
TT	19.05 (17.70-20.42)	18.80 (17.55-20.28)	Z = -0.737	0.461
FIB	1.79 (1.22-2.21)	1.83 (1.24-2.29)	Z = -0.056	0.955
D-D	1.10 (0.38-4.06)	1.12 (0.52-3.65)	Z = -0.012	0.991
PCT	0.07 (0.03-0.12)	0.21 (0.10-0.37)	Z = -4.541	< 0.001

WBC: White blood cell; RBC: Red blood cell; PLT: Platelet; LYM: Lymphocyte; RDW-SD: Red blood cell distribution width-standard deviation; RDW-CV: Red blood cell distribution width-coefficient of variation; RDW-CV/LYM: Red blood cell distribution width coefficient of variation to lymphocyte ratio; RDW-CV/PLT: Red blood cell distribution width coefficient of variation to platelet count ratio; PLR: Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; ALb: Albumin; A/G: Albumin-to-globulin ratio; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; TBIL: Total bilirubin; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; CK-MB: Creatine kinase isoenzyme; BUN: Urea nitrogen; CR: Creatinine; UA: Uric acid; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PTA: Prothrombin time activity; PT: Prothrombin time; INR: International normalized ratio; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; TT: Thrombin time; FIB: Fibrinogen; D-D: D-dimer; PCT: Procalcitonin.

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Table 3 Imaging comparison between non-rebleeding group and rebleeding group, n (%)

Variable	Non-rebleeding group (n = 68)	Rebleeding group (n = 62)	Statistic	P value
TGBW			χ² = 25.655	< 0.001
Present	16 (23.53)	42 (67.74)
Absent	52 (76.47)	20 (32.26)
Ascites presence			χ² = 20.716	< 0.001
Present	20 (29.41)	43 (69.35)
Absent	48 (70.59)	19 (30.65)

TGBW: Thickening of the gallbladder wall.

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Table 4 Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis

Variables	β	SE	Z	P value	OR (95%CI)
BUN	0.109	0.044	2.473	0.013	1.116 (1.023-1.217)
RBC	-0.656	0.251	-2.617	0.009	0.519 (0.317-0.848)
Ascites
Present					1.000 (Reference)
Absent	-1.446	0.455	-3.178	0.001	0.235 (0.097-0.574)
TGBW presence
Present					1.000 (Reference)
Absent	-1.617	0.457	-3.540	< 0.001	0.199 (0.081-0.486)

BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; RBC: Red blood cell; TGBW: Thickening of the gallbladder wall; OR: Odds ratio.

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Citation: Li PP, Zhong X, Zhang DY, Bai FH. Analysis of risk factors and a prediction model for rebleeding in liver cirrhosis patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding. World J Hepatol 2026; 18(9): 123456
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v18/i9/123456.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.123456

Li PP, Zhong X, Zhang DY, Bai FH. Analysis of risk factors and a prediction model for rebleeding in liver cirrhosis patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding. World J Hepatol 2026; 18(9): 123456 [DOI: 10.4254/wjh.123456]

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