Laparoscopic microwave ablation for hepatic hemangiomas with different locations: A comparative study

doi:10.4254/wjh.v18.i5.117157

Table 1 Baseline comparison table in giant hepatic hemangioma group, mean ± SD/n (%)/median (interquartile rage)

	Liver subcapsular (n = 55)	Liver parenchymal (n = 17)	t/Z/χ²	P value
Age (years)	48.00 ± 9.12	47.47 ± 7.54	-0.217	0.829
Sex			0.872	0.350
Female	39 (72.72)	10 (58.82)
Male	16 (27.27)	7 (41.18)
BMI	24.26 ± 3.10	25.56 ± 3.48	1.469	0.146
Size (cm)	10.83 (10.33-13.80)	10.50 (10.11-10.90)	-1.711	0.087
Location of main lesion			3.535	0.060
Left lobe	18 (30.91)	1 (5.88)
Right lobe	37 (69.09)	16 (94.12)
Hepatitis B virus	3 (5.45)	0 (0)
Reasons for operation			0.062	0.804
Symptomatic	10 (18.2)	2 (11.8)
Enlargement	45 (81.8)	15 (88.2)
Number of lesions			2.103	0.349
1	19 (34.5)	8 (47.1)
2	9 (16.4)	4 (23.5)
Multiple	27 (49.1)	5 (29.4)
Inflammatory
WBC (10⁹/L)	5.34 ± 1.82	5.06 ± 1.30	-0.581	0.563
Neutrophil (%)	57.60 (49.43-62.25)	55.40 (49.28-63.80)	-1.048	0.295
Hb (g/L)	127.65 ± 21.51	135.29 ± 17.14	1.337	0.186
Liver function
TB (μmol/L)	12.54 ± 4.56	12.41 ± 5.72	-0.101	0.920
ALT (U/L)	15.30 (10.25-28.00)	24.5 (11.75-42.75)	-1.533	0.125
AST (U/L)	15.50 (14.00-19.75)	20.50 (16.25-26.50)	-1.920	0.055
GGT (U/L)	18.00 (11.25-33.75)	37.00 (17.75-54.50)	-1.360	0.174
Coagulation
PT (seconds)	11.62 ± 0.72	11.69 ± 1.30	0.299	0.766
D-D (μg/L)	292.00 (145.75-828.25)	242.50 (141.00-526.50)	-0.945	0.345
Renal function
Cr (μmol/L)	65.30 ± 13.40	67.41 ± 10.76	0.591	0.556
BUN (mg/dL)	4.86 ± 1.21	4.79 ± 1.12	-0.207	0.837

BMI: Body mass index; WBC: White blood cell; Hb: Hemoglobin; TB: Total bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; PT: Prothrombin time; D-D: D-dimer; Cr: Creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen.

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Table 2 Baseline comparison table in large hepatic hemangioma group, mean ± SD/n (%)/median (interquartile rage)

	Liver subcapsular (n = 63)	Liver parenchymal (n = 17)	t/Z/χ²	P value
Age (years)	46.92 ± 10.762	46.29 ± 11.22	-0.211	0.833
Sex			0.000	1.000
Male	14 (22.2)	4 (23.5)
Female	49 (77.8)	13 (76.5)
BMI	24.44 ± 3.07	24.68 ± 4.58	-0.731	0.803
Size (cm)	7.20 ± 1.24	6.94 ± 1.18	0.782	0.436
Location of main lesion			1.396	0.237
Left lobe	14 (22.2)	1 (5.88)
Right lobe	49 (77.8)	16 (94.12)
Number of lesions			0.720	0.698
1	25 (39.7)	7 (41.2)
2	10 (15.9)	4 (23.5)
Multiple	28 (44.4)	6 (35.3)
Hepatitis B virus	1 (1.59)	0 (0)
Reasons for operation			0.990
Symptomatic	5 (7.9)	2 (11.8)
Enlargement	58 (92.1)	15 (88.2)
Inflammatory
WBC (10⁹/L)	5.26 ± 1.60	5.75 ± 1.61	-1.126	0.297
Neutrophil (%)	128.22 ± 15.58	134.12 ± 12.65	-1.436	0.155
Hb (g/L)	51.40 (47.18-59.85)	50.95 (46.08-61.18)	-0.112	0.911
Liver function
TB (μmol/L)	14.08 ± 13.41	13.21 ± 6.10	0.258	0.797
ALT (U/L)	12.00 (10.00-15.75)	13.30 (11.00-16.75)	-0.807	0.420
AST (U/L)	15.00 (13.00-16.75)	15.00 (12.88-19.00)	-0.605	0.545
GGT (U/L)	15.00 (13.00-19.50)	25.50 (14.00-31.50)	-1.434	0.152
Coagulation
PT (seconds)	11.54 ± 0.59	11.88 ± 1.16	-1.656	0.102
D-D (μg/L)	155.50 (133.25-214.50)	183.00 (88.75-545.00)	-0.957	0.338
Renal function
Cr (μmol/L)	65.30 ± 11.22	62.35 ± 14.42	0.902	0.370
BUN (mg/dL)	4.81 ± 1.42	4.86 ± 1.49	-0.130	0.897

BMI: Body mass index; WBC: White blood cell; Hb: Hemoglobin; TB: Total bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; PT: Prothrombin time; D-D: D-dimer; Cr: Creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen.

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Table 3 Compare the postoperative recovery conditions of the liver subcapsular group and the liver parenchymal group in the large hepatic hemangioma group, mean ± SD/median (interquartile rage)

	Liver subcapsular (n = 63)	Liver parenchymal (n = 17)	t/Z/χ²	P value
Inflammatory
WBC (10⁹/L)	9.61 ± 2.83	9.14 ± 2.84	0.607	0.545
Neutrophil (%)	83.13 ± 6.67	80.85 ± 8.96	1.162	0.249
Liver function
TB (μmol/L)	31.17 ± 14.06	31.41 ± 10.21	-0.066	0.948
ALT (U/L)	281.70 (180.95-452.83)	328.95 (191.15-596.55)	-0.747	0.455
AST (U/L)	413.30 (251.15-617.20)	318.50 (221.43-705.93)	-0.006	0.955
GGT (U/L)	24.50 (17.25-39.75)	43.50 (22.75-68.50)	-1.808	0.071
Renal function
Cr (μmol/L)	53.95 (47.65-64.58)	58.50 (50.43-65.65)	-0.968	0.333
BUN (mg/dL)	3.30 (2.60-3.98)	3.65 (2.82-4.25)	-0.341	0.733
Coagulation
PT (seconds)	12.18 ± 0.64	12.70 ± 0.56	-3.026	0.003
D-D (μg/L)	2026 (1158-2534)	2403 (2001-2645)	-1.607	0.108
Perioperative
Ablation time (minutes)	32.82 ± 9.50	32.36 ± 9.20	0.167	0.868
Clinical stay (day)	3.00 (3.00-3.00)	3.00 (3.00-4.00)	-0.721	0.471
Exhaust time (day)	1.00 (1.00-2.00)	1.50 (1.00-2.00)	-0.431	0.667
Surgical blood loss (mL)	10.00 (9.00-20.00)	5.00 (5.00-10.00)	-2.053	0.040
Spent	61352 (47405-65220)	56366 (47355-60906)	-0.489	0.625

WBC: White blood cell; TB: Total bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; Cr: Creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; PT: Prothrombin time; D-D: D-dimer.

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Table 4 Compare the postoperative recovery conditions of the liver subcapsular group and the liver parenchymal group in the giant hepatic hemangioma group, mean ± SD/median (interquartile rage)

	Liver subcapsular (n = 55)	Liver parenchymal (n = 17)	t/Z/χ²	P value
Inflammatory
WBC (10⁹/L)	9.98 ± 3.58	9.58 ± 3.03	0.408	0.685
Neutrophil (%)	86.40 (81.50-89.95)	85.00 (80.25-90.85)	-0.097	0.923
Liver function	2.00 (2.00-2.00)	2.00 (1.50-2.50)	-0.885	0.376
TB (μmol/L)	41.60 (25.05-54.05)	38.70 (24.70-52.25)	-0.225	0.822
ALT (U/L)	237.60 (157.30-473.90)	338.60 (261.75-418.75)	-1.492	0.136
AST (U/L)	498.80 (284.75-685.65)	482.20 (381.70-640.35)	-0.577	0.564
GGT (U/L)	40.00 (24.00-46.50)	47.00 (23.50-60.50)	-0.736	0.462
Renal function
Cr (μmol/L)	56.20 (47.60-65.82)	58.1 (48.90-68.25)	-0.245	0.806
BUN (mg/dL)	4.40 (3.60-5.40)	4.00 (3.30-4.95)	-0.763	0.445
Coagulation
PT (seconds)	12.72 (12.40-12.72)	12.58 (12.00-13.10)	-1.152	0.249
D-D (μg/L)	2822 (1597-2822)	1936 (1442-3131)	-1.506	0.132
Perioperative
Ablation time (minutes)	50.09 ± 14.48	43.71 ± 10.89	1.671	0.099
Clinical stay (day)	3.00 (3.00-4.00)	3.00 (2.00-4.00)	-1.010	0.312
Spent	60455 (57106-64849)	60716 (56262-62966)	-0.166	0.868
Exhaust time (day)	2 (2-3)	1.5 (1.25-2.5)	-0.885	0.376
Surgical blood loss (mL)	20.00 (10.00-50.00)	20.00 (10.00-35.00)	-0.097	0.923

WBC: White blood cell; TB: Total bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; Cr: Creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; PT: Prothrombin time; D-D: D-dimer.

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Table 5 Compare the postoperative recovery conditions of the giant hepatic hemangioma and large hepatic hemangioma groups in the liver parenchymal group, mean ± SD/median (interquartile rage)

	GHH (n = 17)	LHH (n = 17)	t/Z/χ²	P value
Inflammatory
WBC (10⁹/L)	9.58 ± 3.03	9.14 ± 2.84	0.441	0.662
Neutrophil (%)	85.00 (80.25-89.93)	82.40 (73.75-89.70)	-1.051	0.293
Liver function
TB (μmol/L)	42.61 ± 23.37	31.41 ± 10.21	1.809	0.080
ALT (U/L)	375.63 ± 157.13	378.32 ± 234.54	-0.039	0.969
AST (U/L)	559.81 ± 257.56	479.50 ± 337.71	0.780	0.441
GGT (U/L)	41.00 (19.50-79.75)	42.50 (25.75-63.00)	-0.689	0.491
Renal function
Cr (μmol/L)	59.50 (52.60-65.50)	58.1 (48.90-68.25)	-0.362	0.718
BUN (mg/dL)	5.60 (3.33-12.38)	3.35 (2.95-4.07)	-1.758	0.079
Coagulation
D-D (μg/L)	1935.05 ± 1315.62	2403.25 ± 2441.19	-1.003	0.596
PT (seconds)	12.58 ± 1.12	12.70 ± 0.85	-0.449	0.793
Perioperative
Spent	60716.60 (56261.64-62966.02)	56527.12 (47523.46-60886.15)	-1.705	0.088
Ablation time (minutes)	43.71 ± 10.89	32.29 ± 8.29	3.438	0.002
Exhaust time (day)	2.00 (1.25-2.75)	1.50 (1.00-2.00)	-2.925	0.003
Surgical blood loss (mL)	30.00 (6.25-50.00)	15.00 (6.25-42.50)	-2.553	0.011
Clinical stay (day)	3.00 (2.00-4.00)	3.00 (3.00-4.00)	-0.829	0.407

WBC: White blood cell; TB: Total bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; Cr: Creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; D-D: D-dimer; PT: Prothrombin time; GHH: Giant hepatic hemangioma; LHH: Large hepatic hemangioma.

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Table 6 Compare the postoperative recovery conditions of the giant hepatic hemangioma and large hepatic hemangioma groups within the liver subcapsular group, mean ± SD/median (interquartile rage)

	GHH (n = 55)	LHH (n = 63)	t/Z/χ²	P value
Inflammatory
WBC (10⁹/L)	85.58 ± 6.13	83.11 ± 6.67	2.071	0.041
Neutrophil (%)	9.98 ± 3.58	9.61 ± 2.83	0.618	0.538
Liver function
TB (μmol/L)	39.35 (26.30-55.60)	32.10 (22.23-37.23)	-3.067	0.002
ALT (U/L)	201.40 (131.40-372.95)	280.55 (181.88-460.90)	-0.310	0.756
AST (U/L)	462.40 (240.05-626.98)	396.35 (271.80-647.13)	-1.387	0.165
GGT (U/L)	38.00 (22.25-61.75)	22.00 (15.00-27.25)	-2.928	0.003
Renal function
Cr (μmol/L)	61.15 (44.65-88.10)	55.75 (47.80-64.58)	-0.758	0.448
BUN (mg/dL)	4.89 (3.85-6.37)	3.60 (2.80-3.98)	-4.466	< 0.001
Coagulation
D-D (μg/L)	1909.50 (996.25-5124.50)	1339.50 (719.50-3002.00)	-2.485	0.013
PT (seconds)	12.72 (12.40-12.72)	12.18 (11.90-15.50)	-3.985	< 0.001
Perioperative
Spent	60846.12 (53898.31-64930.00)	55564.91 (36598.66-62983.01)	-1.513	0.130
Exhaust time (day)	2.00 (2.00-2.00)	1.00 (1.00-2.00)	-4.606	< 0.001
Ablation time (minutes)	50.00 (40.00-60.00)	30.50 (28.00-37.75)	-6.346	< 0.001
Clinical stay (day)	3.00 (3.00-4.00)	3.00 (2.00-3.00)	-1.361	0.173
Surgical blood loss (mL)	20.00 (10.00-45.00)	10.00 (5.25-20.00)	-2.179	0.029

WBC: White blood cell; TB: Total bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; Cr: Creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; D-D: D-dimer; PT: Prothrombin time; GHH: Giant hepatic hemangioma; LHH: Large hepatic hemangioma.

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Table 7 Comparison of postoperative complications between giant hepatic hemangioma and large hepatic hemangioma groups, n (%)

	GHH (n = 72)	LHH (n = 80)	χ²	P value
Anemia	19 (26.39)	12 (15)	3.027	0.082
Fever	40 (55.56)	8 (10)	36.398	< 0.001
Hemoglobinuria	8 (11.11)	9 (11.25)	0.001	0.987
Acute kidney injury	1 (1.39)	1 (1.25)		1.000
Hypoproteinemia	3 (4.17)	0 (0)	4.550	0.033

GHH: Giant hepatic hemangioma; LHH: Large hepatic hemangioma.

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Table 8 Comparison of postoperative complications between liver subcapsular and liver parenchymal groups, n (%)

	Liver subcapsular (n = 118)	Liver parenchymal (n = 34)	χ²	P value
Anemia	23 (19.49)	8 (23.53)	0.265	0.607
Fever	31 (26.27)	17 (50)	6.878	0.009
Hemoglobinuria	15 (12.71)	1 (2.94)	1.739	0.187
Acute kidney injury	1 (0.8)	1 (2.94)		0.398
Hypoproteinemia	2 (1.69)	1 (2.94)		0.535

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Wu CL, Chen XC, Zhao W, Hu B, Huan HB, Tu YL, Zhu ZM, Jiang K. Laparoscopic microwave ablation for hepatic hemangiomas with different locations: A comparative study. World J Hepatol 2026; 18(5): 117157 [DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v18.i5.117157]

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