Klebsiella pneumoniae as leading cause of pyogenic liver abscess: Three years study in Southern Vietnam

Table 1 Baseline characteristics and imaging features of liver abscess by Klebsiella pneumoniae vs non-Klebsiella pneumoniae, mean ± SD/n (%)/median (interquartile range)

Characteristic	Overall (n = 106)	K. pneumoniae (n = 83)	Non-K. pneumoniae (n = 23)	P value1
Demographics
Age	59.2 ± 15.1	60.3 ± 13.8	55.3 ± 18.9	0.248
Male	71 (67.0)	56 (67.5)	15 (65.2)	0.839
Diabetes mellitus	53 (50.0)	46 (55.4)	7 (30.4)	0.034
Pulmonary infection	29 (27.4)	21 (25.3)	8 (34.8)	0.367
Clinical presentation
Fever	86 (81.1)	70 (84.3)	16 (69.6)	0.134
Right upper quadrant pain	65 (61.3)	52 (62.7)	13 (56.5)	0.593
Jaundice	9 (8.5)	7 (8.4)	2 (8.7)	> 0.999
Laboratory tests at baseline
WBC, × 109/L	14.9 (11.4-20.4)	14.8 (10.7-20.9)	15.2 (13.6-18.8)	0.457
CRP, mg/L	219.0 ± 96.2	229.9 ± 99.4	185.0 ± 78.4	0.069
Missing (CRP)2, n	24	21	3
AST, U/L	71.2 (37.6-128.8)	78.3 (41.9-131.2)	36.9 (30.0-126.3)	0.048
ALT, U/L	70.1 (40.9-118.2)	76.8 (45.3-126.0)	42.7 (32.3-107.6)	0.065
Creatinine, μmol/L	96.5 (76.7-134.0)	100.1 (77.1-133.2)	89.1 (76.7-134.6)	0.577
Missing (creatinine), n	15	15	0
INR	1.3 (1.2-1.4)	1.3 (1.2-1.4)	1.3 (1.2-1.5)	0.332
Missing (INR)2, n	17	17	0
Imaging characteristics
Abscess size, mm	65.0 (53.0-87.0)	65.0 (52.0-87.0)	69.0 (55.0-91.0)	0.401
Number of abscesses				> 0.999
1	84 (79.2)	65 (78.3)	19 (82.6)
2	13 (12.3)	10 (12.1)	3 (13.0)
3	6 (5.7)	5 (6.0)	1 (4.4)
≥ 4	3 (2.8)	3 (3.6)	0 (0)
Abscess location				0.305
Left lobe	31 (29.2)	23 (27.7)	8 (34.8)
Right lobe	60 (56.6)	46 (55.4)	14 (60.9)
Bilateral	15 (14.2)	14 (16.9)	1 (4.3)
Multiplicity				0.777
Single	84 (79.2)	65 (78.3)	19 (82.6)
Multiple	22 (20.8)	18 (21.7)	4 (17.4)
Perilesional enhancement	65 (61.3)	52 (62.7)	13 (56.5)	0.593
Abscess margin				0.038
Smooth	7 (6.6)	3 (3.6)	4 (17.4)
Irregular	99 (93.4)	80 (96.4)	19 (82.6)
Abscess homogeneity				0.003
Homogeneous	18 (17.0)	9 (10.8)	9 (39.1)
Heterogeneous	88 (83.0)	74 (89.2)	14 (60.9)
Intralesional gas	12 (11.3)	10 (12.0)	2 (8.7)	> 0.999
Biliary gas	8 (7.5)	7 (8.4)	1 (4.3)	> 0.999

¹P-values were calculated using the Student’s t test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and the χ² test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables, as appropriate.

²Missing values (rows labeled “missing, n”) were excluded from comparative tests.

WBC: White blood cell count; CRP: C-reactive protein; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; INR: International normalized ratio; K. pneumoniae: Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Table 2 Management and inhospital outcomes of liver abscesses by Klebsiella pneumoniae vs non-Klebsiella pneumoniae

Characteristic	Overall (n = 106)	K. pneumoniae (n = 83)	Non-K. pneumoniae (n = 23)	P value1
Management during index admission
Drainage at admission	41 (38.7)	32 (38.6)	9 (39.1)	0.960
Drainage after medical therapy	44 (41.5)	33 (39.8)	11 (47.8)	0.487
Surgery at admission	4 (3.8)	3 (3.6)	1 (4.3)	> 0.999
Surgery after medical therapy	4 (3.8)	4 (4.8)	0 (0)	0.575
Outcomes
LOS (days)	9.0 (6.0-14.0)	10.0 (6.0-15.0)	8.0 (6.0-12.0)	0.324
In-hospital mortality	11 (10.4)	11 (13.3)	0 (0)	0.116

¹P-values were calculated using the Student’s t test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and the χ² test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables, as appropriate.

LOS: Length of stay; K. pneumoniae: Klebsiella pneumoniae.