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Publication Name
World Journal of Hepatology
ISSN
1948-5182
Publisher of This Article
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Prospective Study
Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Hepatol. Oct 27, 2026; 18(10): 123267
Published online Oct 27, 2026. doi: 10.4254/wjh.123267
Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between hyperthyroidism-induced and antithyroid drug-induced liver injury groups, n (%)/median (interquartile range)
Items
Total (n = 331)
HTI-LI (n = 140)
ATDI-LI (n = 191)
P value
Demographic characteristics
Age (years)42 (34.5, 52.2)43 (35.1, 50.9)42 (34.2, 52.5)0.975
Male143 (43.2)53 (37.9)90 (47.1)0.116
BMI (kg/m2)22.5 (18.2, 25.1)22.6 (18.3, 25.6)21.9 (18.1, 23.9)0.246
Non-drinkers260 (78.8)102 (72.9)158 (83.2)0.033
Length of hospital stay17 (8, 26)20 (11, 32)17 (10, 27)0.028
Number of hospitalizations in the past year0.002
0260 (78.5)89 (63.6)171 (89.5)0.016
145 (13.6)33 (23.6)12 (6.3)0.005
≥ 220 (6.0)15 (10.7)5 (2.6)< 0.001
In-hospital medical costs (CNY)36225 (14870, 42335)38006 (15242, 43220)34319 (14182, 40107)0.589
Clinical presentation
Hepatic injury symptoms285 (86.1)123 (87.9)162 (84.8)0.550
Hyperthyroid symptoms264 (79.7)108 (77.1)156 (81.6)0.358
Ascites33 (9.9)28 (20)5 (2.6)< 0.001
Hepatic encephalopathy21 (6.3)17 (12.1)4 (2.1)< 0.001
Hyperthyroid heart disease42 (12.7)11 (7.8)31 (16.2)0.012
Prognostic score
ALBI-0.52 (-1.84, 0.21)0.13 (-0.79, 0.27)-1.35 (-3.13, 0.15)0.021
Child-Pugh8.7 (6.3, 11.5)10.2 (8.9, 12.8)7.1 (5.8, 9.1)0.003
MELD17.4 (12.0, 23.1)20.6 (15.4, 25.2)13.2 (10.6, 19.2)< 0.001
MELD-Na19.3 (13.1, 24.5)22.5 (17.4, 27.6)15.6 (11.4, 20.6)0.002
The antithyroid drug-induced liver injury group is shown for baseline comparison only and was not included in the primary analyses. BMI: Body mass index; ALBI: Albumin-bilirubin index; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; HTI-LI: Hyperthyroidism-induced liver injury; ATDI-LI: Antithyroid drug-induced liver injury.
Full Size Table
Table 2 Comparison of baseline characteristics between antithyroid drug-induced liver injury patients with antithyroid drug exposure and those without antithyroid drug exposure, n (%)/median (interquartile range)
Items
Total (n = 140)
ATD (-) (n = 40)
ATD (+) (n = 100)
P value
Demographic characteristics
Age (years)43 (35.1, 50.9)45 (37.3, 52.8)41 (31.2, 49.2)0.062
Male53 (37.9)17 (42.5)36 (36.0)0.601
BMI (kg/m2)22.6 (18.3, 25.6)21.6 (18.1, 24.9)23.5 (19.6, 25.9)0.082
Non-drinkers102 (72.9)28 (70.0)74 (74.0)0.786
Length of hospital stay20 (11, 32)25 (15, 36)18 (10, 28)0.015
Number of hospitalizations in the past year0.542
089 (63.6)24 (60.0)65 (65.0)0.536
133 (23.6)8 (20.0)25 (25.0)0.462
≥ 215 (10.7)4 (10.0)11 (11.0)0.824
In-hospital medical costs (CNY)38006 (15242, 43220)45120 (38217, 48320)33319 (12286, 39113)0.021
Clinical presentation
Hepatic injury symptoms123 (87.9)34 (85.0)89 (89.0)0.428
Hyperthyroid symptoms108 (77.1)28 (70.0)80 (80.0)0.218
Ascites28 (20)7 (17.5)21 (21.0)0.310
Hepatic encephalopathy17 (12.1)6 (15.0)11 (11.0)0.318
Hyperthyroid heart disease11 (7.8)3 (7.5)8 (8.0)0.612
Prognostic score
ALBI0.13 (-0.79, 0.27)0.15 (-0.52, 0.31)0.10 (-1.03, 0.20)0.221
Child-Pugh10.2 (8.9, 12.8)10.3 (9.0, 13.1)9.8 (8.1, 11.4)0.620
MELD20.6 (15.4, 25.2)21.8 (16.6, 26.7)19.4 (12.6, 23.2)0.102
MELD-Na22.5 (17.4, 27.6)24.5 (18.5, 28.2)20.8 (14.1, 25.6)0.185
BMI: Body mass index; ALBI: Albumin-Bilirubin Index; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; ATD: Antithyroid drug.
Full Size Table
Table 3 Comparison of laboratory findings between patients with hyperthyroidism-induced liver injury with antithyroid drug exposure and those without antithyroid drug exposure, n (%)/median (interquartile range)
Items
Total (n = 140)
ATD (-) (n = 40)
ATD (+) (n = 100)
P value
Laboratory findings pre-treatment
Blood routine
WBC (× 109/L)6.21 (5.42, 8.17)6.45 (5.61, 8.21)6.03 (5.38, 8.02)0.570
RBC (× 1012/L)3.83 (2.94, 4.32)3.68 (2.92, 4.21)3.95 (2.98, 4.54)0.161
PLT (× 109/L)142.3 (106.5, 204.8)164.8 (114.4, 210.0)136.0 (92.3, 190.4)0.172
HGB (g/L)114.3 (93.0, 130.9)111.9 (92.3, 126.6)118.1 (95.1, 132.2)0.166
NEUT (× 109/L)4.91 (2.19, 7.56)4.72 (2.12, 7.33)5.15 (2.23, 7.68)0.590
Hepatic function
ALT (μ/L)284.9 (128.6, 315.5)284.4 (128.3, 310.0)286.1 (130.4, 318.4)0.983
AST (μ/L)231.7 (105.3, 283.6)241.5 (109.2, 294.0)224.6 (102.6, 281.3)0.779
TBIL (μmol/L)272.3 (86.1, 405.4)280.9 (85.6, 451.1)269.9 (97.8, 373.9)0.810
DBIL (μmol/L)196.5 (55.8, 336.2)206.2 (50.6, 368.6)193.2 (68.1, 260.8)0.705
TP (g/L)61.92 (48.8, 76.1)62.47 (49.3, 76.3)61.54 (48.4, 75.9)0.630
ALB (g/L)28.22 (21.8, 34.6)27.81 (21.6, 34.3)28.85 (22.7, 34.9)0.246
GGT (U/L)83.28 (68.36, 105.5)74.11 (61.42, 96.32)98.34 (71.38, 118.0)0.1268
ALP (U/L)162.4 (113.6, 214.4)159.5 (109.2, 208.3)173.0 (119.2, 226.4)0.4333
Coagulation function
PT (seconds)18.87 (14.92, 24.16)18.67 (14.23, 23.62)19.05 (15.33, 25.13)0.781
APTT (seconds)48.87 (38.02, 61.24)49.91 (38.36, 62.42)48.42 (37.92, 60.67)0.631
INR1.62 (1.22, 2.15)1.61 (1.21, 2.14)1.63 (1.23, 2.16)0.906
Thyroid function
FT3 (pmol/L)10.20 (5.12, 13.62)8.71 (3.24, 13.58)11.63 (6.50, 14.13)0.077
FT4 (pmol/L)19.41 (8.12, 24.55)17.02 (3.76, 24.00)21.72 (10.76, 25.00)0.067
TT3 (nmol/L)3.50 (2.47, 4.36)3.22 (2.30, 4.20)3.77 (2.89, 4.56)0.114
TT4 (nmol/L)127.2 (96.5, 150.3)122.8 (83.5, 146.0)139.7 (110.0, 156.9)0.091
TSH (μIU/mL)0.24 (0.01, 0.42)0.32 (0.01, 0.51)0.17 (0.01, 0.34)0.198
TRAb (IU/mL)15.08 (8.16, 17.00)15.22 (7.80, 18.20)14.99 (9.10, 16.80)0.904
TgAb (μ/mL)210.6 (29.1, 370.3)222.1 (34.1, 349.0)202.6 (27.9, 400.0)0.748
A-TPO (μ/mL)501.2 (39.3, 913.6)533.7 (39.5, 990.0)477.9 (39.2, 880.0)0.5634
Laboratory findings post-treatment
Blood routine
WBC (× 109/L)5.62 (3.67, 7.03)5.85 (3.38, 7.76)5.40 (4.01, 6.64)0.446
RBC (× 1012/L)3.93 (3.10, 4.57)3.57 (2.71, 4.35)4.25 (3.64, 4.83)0.003
PLT (× 109/L)180.0 (93.4, 269.3)155.7 (79.0, 209.0)218.2 (127.0, 312.0)0.021
HGB (g/L)112.2 (96.0, 128.2)108.0 (87.0, 121.9)118.6 (104.0, 133.5)0.061
NEUT (× 109/L)3.36 (2.01, 4.33)3.58 (1.87, 4.53)3.23 (2.18, 4.02)0.456
Hepatic function
ALT(μ/L)48.20 (29.0, 63.4)51.64 (27.0, 72.3)45.34 (31.0, 58.3)0.358
AST (μ/L)56.18 (31.2, 70.8)59.73 (33.5, 72.8)54.25 (29.5, 69.8)0.558
TBIL (μmol/L)94.0 (21.8, 121.3)117.6 (23.0, 139.5)70.18 (20.0, 107.3)0.025
DBLI (μmol/L)71.69 (11.0, 95.2)90.81 (11.5, 123.6)53.43 (10.5, 75.2)0.033
TP (g/L)66.18 (59.9, 73.4)64.36 (57.9, 70.2)69.03 (63.1, 77.0)0.024
ALB (g/L)34.28 (31.0, 38.0)34.09 (30.4, 38.3)34.69 (32.2, 37.9)0.566
GGT (U/L)72.17 (42.6, 83.0)85.11 (57.8, 90.0)59.14 (36.6, 66.0)0.039
ALP (U/L)106.2 (75.0, 124.5)120.6 (87.0, 134.0)91.90 (65.0, 113.5)0.0005
Coagulation function
PT (seconds)14.64 (13.1, 15.3)15.90 (13.6, 17.6)13.91 (12.5, 15.3)0.007
APTT (seconds)41.00 (36.2, 46.7)43.49 (36.0, 48.3)40.40 (36.5, 42.2)0.135
INR1.21 (0.98, 1.31)1.34 (1.07, 1.48)1.12 (0.90, 1.28)0.017
Thyroid function
FT3 (pmol/L)6.35 (4.00, 9.21)7.13 (4.00, 11.00)5.49 (4.00, 6.46)0.035
FT4 (pmol/L)7.12 (2.03, 12.30)8.90 (1.86, 16.12)6.09 (2.12, 9.00)0.033
TT3 (nmol/L)2.49 (1.81, 3.02)2.58 (1.89, 3.12)2.42 (1.79, 2.93)0.472
TT4 (nmol/L)64.12 (23.5, 82.1)71.82 (23.4, 91.0)55.53 (23.7, 78.0)0.023
TSH (μIU/mL)1.02 (0.21, 1.54)0.52 (0.01, 0.74)1.53 (0.70, 2.40)< 0.0001
TRAb (IU/mL)8.37 (3.50, 10.04)11.43 (4.71, 15.82)5.15 (2.53, 7.01)< 0.0001
TgAb (μ/mL)140.6 (23.5, 260.3)183.9 (29.3, 336.0)109.1 (19.2, 155.3)0.071
A-TPO (μ/mL)382.1 (42.5, 712.0)478.5 (56.0, 768.0)317.6 (39.5, 678.0)0.061
WBC: White blood cell; RBC: Red blood cell; PLT: Platelet; NEUT: Neutrophil; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALB: Albumin; TP: Total protein; TBIL: Total bilirubin; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; GGT: Γ-glutamyl transferase; FT3: Free triiodothyronine; FT4: Free thyroxine; TT3: Total triiodothyronine; TT4: Total thyroxine; TRAb: Thyrotropin receptor antibody; A-TPO: Thyroid peroxidase antibody; TgAb: Thyroglobulin antibody; PT: Prothrombin time; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; INR: International normalized ratio; ATD: Antithyroid drug; TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone; HGB: Hemoglobin.
Full Size Table
Table 4 Comparison of follow-up results between patients with hyperthyroidism-induced liver injury with antithyroid drug exposure and those without antithyroid drug exposure, n (%)/median (interquartile range)
Items
Total
ATD (-)
ATD (+)
P value
Follow up for 1 yearn = 140n = 40n = 100
Death6 (4.28)4 (10.00)2 (2.00)0.005
Number of hospitalizations in the past year1 (0, 2)2 (1, 3)1 (0, 2)0.024
Follow up for 2 yearsn = 134n = 36n = 98
Death7 (5.22)4 (11.11)3 (3.06)0.005
Number of hospitalizations in the past year1 (0, 2)2 (1, 3)1 (0, 2)0.026
Follow up for 3 yearsn = 127n = 32n = 95
Death6 (4.72)3 (9.37)3 (3.15)0.008
Number of hospitalizations in the past year1 (0, 2)2 (1, 3)1 (0, 2)0.031
ATD: Antithyroid drug.
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