Enhanced surgical tolerance of schistosomiasis-induced fibrotic liver following treatment with Ziziphus plant extract

Table 1 Comparison between hepatic tissue egg load between infected untreated and Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract-treated and infected untreated and surgically treated groups, mean ± SD

Parameter	Infected untreated and treated group			Infected and surgically treated group
	Infected untreated group	ZSCLE-treated group	P value	Infected untreated group	ZSCLE-surgically treated group	P value
Hepatic tissue egg load	3459.5 ± 191.3	1032 ± 25.1 (70% decrease)	< 0.001	7193.3 ± 103.4	2021.7 ± 190.2	< 0.001

ZSCLE: Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract.

Table 2 Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin in different hamster groups, mean ± SD

	Control negative group I	Control negative ZSCLE-treated group II	Infected BLV group III	Infected BLV and ZSCLE-treated group IV	Infected BLZ, ZSCLE-treated, and 50% resected group V	P value
Serum ALT (U/L)	27.01 ± 2.86	29.01 ± 3.75	87.44 ± 2.62a,b	39.90 ± 2.62a,b,c	38.08 ± 2.09a,b,c	< 0.0001
Serum AST (U/L)	30.75 ± 1.07	31.58 ± 0.96	99.85 ± 2.17a,b	42.44 ± 1.96a,b,c	41.18 ± 2.10a,b,c	< 0.0001
Serum ALP (U/L)	65.69 ± 1.63	68.35 ± 1.99	144.41 ± 2.39a,b	79.72 ± 4.45a,b,c	77.45 ± 1.39a,b,c	< 0.0001
Serum bilirubin (mg/dL)	0.22 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.03	0.93 ± 0.05a,b	0.41 ± 0.03a,b,c	0.39 ± 0.05a,b,c	< 0.0001

^aP < 0.05 vs group I.

^bP < 0.05 vs group II.

^cP < 0.05 vs group III.

Statistical tests: One way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison test. ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; BLV: Bovine leukemia virus; ZSCLE: Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract.

Table 3 Serum nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ levels and apoptosis in different hamster groups, mean ± SD

	Control negative group I	Control negative ZSCLE-treated group II	Infected BLV group III	Infected BLV and ZSCLE-treated group IV	Infected BLV, ZSCLE-treated, and 50% resected group V	P value
Serum NO (μmol/mL)	85.20 ± 2.27	86.34 ± 2.68	60.32 ± 1.66a,b	76.92 ± 1.85a,b,c	79.29 ± 2.11a,b,c	< 0.0001
Serum TNF-α level (pg/mL)	17.57 ± 1.38	20.39 ± 1.31	189.27 ± 3.38a,b	45.21 ± 2.95a,b,c	39.85 ± 1.73a,b,c,d	< 0.0001
Serum IFN-γ level (pg/mL)	28.72 ± 1.33	31.81 ± 1.09	185.25 ± 4.91a,b	72.30 ± 2.92a,b,c	74.73 ± 3.26a,b,c	< 0.0001
Apoptosis, %	7.6	7.6	62.9	28.7	23.6

^aP < 0.05 vs group I.

^bP < 0.05 vs group II.

^cP < 0.05 vs group III.

^dP < 0.05 vs group IV.

Statistical test: One way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison test. NO: Nitric oxide; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; INF: Interferon; BLV: Bovine leukemia virus; ZSCLE: Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract.