Trends in viral hepatitis-related mortality in the United States from 1999 to 2022: A retrospective study

doi:10.4254/wjh.v17.i5.106940

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World Journal of Hepatology

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1948-5182

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study

World J Hepatol. May 27, 2025; 17(5): 106940
Published online May 27, 2025. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v17.i5.106940

Table 1 Viral hepatitis age-adjusted mortality rate per 100000 people; overall and stratified by gender, 1999-2022

Year	Overall	Female	Male
1999	5.37	3.24	7.69
2000	5.87	3.55	8.33
2001	6.14	3.65	8.84
2002	6.56	3.87	9.51
2003	6.43	3.77	9.33
2004	6.38	3.69	9.31
2005	6.54	3.74	9.57
2006	7.36	4.26	10.72
2007	7.76	4.44	11.28
2008	7.81	4.46	11.46
2009	7.87	4.43	11.52
2010	7.85	4.44	11.58
2011	8.18	4.60	12.02
2012	8.35	4.72	12.31
2013	8.53	4.82	12.52
2014	8.45	4.77	12.45
2015	8.27	4.59	12.27
2016	7.53	4.32	11.01
2017	7.09	3.99	10.53
2018	6.48	3.66	9.58
2019	5.91	3.25	8.83
2020	6.10	3.46	9.02
2021	5.77	3.36	8.34
2022	5.23	3.09	7.57

Table 2 Viral hepatitis annual percent change and average annual percent change in the age-adjusted mortality rate per 100,000 people; overall and stratified by gender, 1999-2022

Cohort	Statistic	Segment	Years	Percent change	95%CI	P value
Overall	APC	1	1999-2013	3.20	(2.54, 3.99)	P < 0.001
		2	2013-2022	-5.54	(-6.75, -4.47)	P < 0.001
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	-0.31	(-0.69, 0.07)
Female	APC	1	1999-2013	2.64	(2.02, 3.38)	P < 0.001
		2	2013-2022	-5.15	(-6.45, -4.09)	P < 0.001
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	-0.48	(-0.87, -0.12)	P < 0.05
Male	APC	1	1999-2008	4.02	(3.10, 7.86)	P < 0.001
		2	2008-2014	1.75	(-6.82, 2.85)
		3	2014-2022	-6.06	(-7.50, -4.84)	P < 0.05
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	-0.18	(-0.50, 0.21)

APC: Annual percentage change; AAPC: Average annual percentage change.

Table 3 Viral hepatitis age-adjusted mortality rate per 100000 people; stratified by race, 1999-2022

Year	American Indian or Alaska Native	Asian or Pacific Islander	Black or African American	White	Hispanic or Latino
1999	7.77	8.24	9.73	4.28	9.82
2000	8.88	9.40	9.93	4.72	10.16
2001	9.48	9.74	10.83	4.93	10.77
2002	8.50	9.68	11.60	5.37	10.81
2003	11.51	8.34	11.33	5.32	10.11
2004	9.74	8.13	11.33	5.31	9.72
2005	10.02	7.87	11.59	5.44	10.03
2006	13.18	9.21	12.55	6.09	11.76
2007	13.41	9.28	12.71	6.46	12.16
2008	14.03	9.30	12.96	6.58	11.89
2009	14.62	8.96	12.91	6.66	11.67
2010	14.54	9.23	13.04	6.61	11.30
2011	15.10	8.72	13.45	6.92	11.86
2012	17.05	9.21	13.24	7.15	11.78
2013	17.60	8.42	14.23	7.26	11.46
2014	16.39	7.90	13.78	7.34	11.18
2015	18.51	6.99	13.69	7.22	10.54
2016	16.03	6.72	12.50	6.57	9.41
2017	16.60	6.66	11.89	6.22	8.61
2018	14.32	5.43	10.77	5.71	7.73
2019	14.58	5.46	9.55	5.33	6.49
2020	17.01	6.11	9.95	5.45	6.74
2021	16.48	6.05	9.04	5.19	6.23
2022	15.56	5.00	8.33	4.81	5.31

Table 4 Viral hepatitis annual percent change and average annual percent change in the age-adjusted mortality rate per 100000 people; stratified by race, 1999-2022

Cohort	Statistic	Segment	Years	Percent change	95%CI	P value
American Indian or Alaska Native	APC	1	1999-2012	5.91	(4.66, 7.95)	P < 0.001
		2	2012-2022	-0.88	(-2.61, 0.53)
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	2.90	(2.30, 3.68)	P < 0.001
Asian or Pacific Islander	APC	1	1999-2011	0.13	(-1.24, 2.77)
		2	2011-2022	-5.05	(-7.09, -3.76)	P < 0.001
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	-2.39	(-3.04, -1.57)	P < 0.001
Black or African American	APC	1	1999-2014	2.23	(1.78, 2.71)	P < 0.001
		2	2014-2022	-6.54	(-7.56, -5.53)	P < 0.001
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	-0.91	(-1.18, -0.63)	P < 0.001
White	APC	1	1999-2007	4.52	(3.68, 7.01)	P < 0.001
		2	2007-2014	2.20	(-0.87, 3.06)
		3	2014-2022	-5.31	(-6.26, -4.51)	P < 0.001
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	0.30	(0.05, 0.61)	P < 0.05
Hispanic or Latino	APC	1	1999-2013	1.35	(0.61, 2.20)	P < 0.001
		2	2013-2022	-8.48	(-9.79, -7.29)	P < 0.001
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	-2.62	(-3.04, -2.20)	P < 0.001

APC: Annual percentage change; AAPC: Average annual percentage change.

Table 5 Viral hepatitis overall crude mortality rate per 100000 people; stratified by ten-year age groups, 1999-2022

Year	25-34	35-44	45-54	55-64	65-74	75-84	85+
1999	0.59	4.01	8.70	6.23	7.89	8.65	7.46
2000	0.47	3.67	10.27	7.46	8.4	9.38	6.70
2001	0.44	3.86	11.14	8.17	8.61	8.69	7.42
2002	0.52	3.91	12.55	9.00	8.35	9.00	7.12
2003	0.44	3.65	12.77	9.19	7.99	8.42	5.49
2004	0.45	3.35	12.56	10.25	7.64	7.68	6.42
2005	0.41	3.05	12.85	10.98	7.94	8.15	6.61
2006	0.40	2.84	14.17	14.14	9.13	8.89	6.76
2007	0.42	2.65	14.31	16.7	9.50	8.86	7.08
2008	0.35	2.35	13.72	18.53	9.54	9.43	7.22
2009	0.36	2.28	12.92	19.96	9.69	9.47	6.86
2010	0.36	2.02	12.17	21.57	10.02	8.83	7.32
2011	0.36	2.02	12.11	23.16	10.73	9.60	7.62
2012	0.39	1.83	11.52	25.21	11.80	9.13	7.61
2013	0.35	1.76	10.69	26.54	13.25	9.53	7.73
2014	0.44	1.64	10.23	26.27	14.22	9.15	8.16
2015	0.47	1.73	9.21	24.91	15.96	9.28	7.49
2016	0.44	1.58	7.75	22.94	15.54	8.36	6.91
2017	0.45	1.49	6.72	20.91	16.21	8.23	7.93
2018	0.53	1.51	5.55	18.45	16.01	7.70	6.86
2019	0.47	1.44	4.81	16.17	16.04	6.88	6.27
2020	0.54	1.58	4.52	15.59	17.83	7.97	7.22
2021	0.46	1.68	4.29	13.87	16.98	7.86	7.58
2022	0.44	1.47	3.42	12.13	16.76	7.98	6.48

Table 6 Viral hepatitis annual percent change and average annual percent change in the overall crude mortality rate per 100000 people; stratified by ten-year age groups, 1999-2022

Cohort	Statistic	Segment	Years	Percent change	95%CI	P value
25-34 years	APC	1	1999-2010	-3.57	(-5.81, -1.66)	P < 0.05
		2	2010-2020	4.24	(-1.05, 11.38)
		3	2020-2022	-10.14	(-18.83, 2.22)
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	-0.86	(-1.68, -0.03)	P < 0.05
35-44 years	APC	1	1999-2002	-0.18	(-3.32, 4.84)
		2	2002-2013	-7.34	(-8.64, -6.69)	P < 0.001
		3	2013-2022	-1.12	(-2.38, 0.83)
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	-4.03	(-4.41, -3.67)	P <0.001
45-54 years	APC	1	1999-2002	11.25	(7.38, 17.86)	P < 0.001
		2	2002 -2007	2.95	(-0.03, 4.62)
		3	2007-2014	-4.51	(-6.07, -3.44)	P < 0.001
		4	2014-2022	-12.90	(-14.28, -11.81)	P < 0.001
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	-4.10	(-4.52, -3.71)	P < 0.001
55-64 years	APC	1	1999-2005	9.64	(0.95, 13.63)	P < 0.05
		2	2005-2008	18.69	(6.24, 22.34)	P < 0.001
		3	2008-2014	6.28	(-10.65, 7.45)
		4	2014-2022	-9.50	(-10.56, -7.65)	P < 0.001
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	2.79	(2.29, 3.48)	P < 0.001
65-74 years	APC	1	1999-2004	-0.76	(-7.82, 3.34)
		2	2004-2011	4.25	(0.40, 10.89)	P < 0.05
		3	2011-2015	10.01	(-1.47, 13.73)
		4	2015-2022	1.27	(-0.89, 4.60)
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	3.20	(2.77, 3.85)	P < 0.001
75-84 years	APC	1	1999-2015	0.51	(-0.78, 1.36)
		2	2015-2019	-6.22	(-10.56, 2.02)
		3	2019-2022	4.24	(-2.43, 12.36)
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	-0.22	(-0.80, 0.20)
85+ years	APC	1	1999-2022	0.20	(-0.35, 0.83)
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	0.20	(-0.35, 0.83)

APC: Annual percentage change; AAPC: Average annual percentage change.

Table 7 Viral hepatitis age-adjusted mortality rate per 100000 people; stratified by region, 1999-2022

Year	Northeast	Midwest	South	West
1999	4.83	3.42	5.61	7.64
2000	5.43	3.68	6.01	8.27
2001	5.75	4.00	6.28	8.58
2002	6.23	4.20	6.75	9.15
2003	5.82	4.19	6.87	8.70
2004	5.87	3.91	6.77	8.92
2005	5.68	4.12	7.07	8.97
2006	6.05	4.82	7.59	10.82
2007	6.50	5.32	7.74	11.35
2008	6.46	5.29	7.91	11.45
2009	6.24	5.06	7.93	11.88
2010	6.55	5.22	7.77	11.67
2011	6.87	5.46	8.33	11.72
2012	6.95	5.45	8.38	12.45
2013	6.89	5.70	8.67	12.44
2014	6.83	5.64	8.71	12.09
2015	6.61	5.69	8.72	11.36
2016	5.44	5.21	8.21	10.33
2017	5.03	4.76	8.04	9.50
2018	4.40	4.60	7.32	8.50
2019	3.93	4.25	6.75	7.66
2020	4.04	4.54	6.78	8.06
2021	3.69	4.20	6.53	7.53
2022	3.51	3.87	5.99	6.64

Table 8 Viral hepatitis annual percent change and average annual percent change in the age-adjusted mortality rate per 100000 people; stratified by region, 1999-2022

Cohort	Statistic	Segment	Years	Percent change	95%CI	P value
Northeast	APC	1	1999-2014	1.86	(0.67, 3.82)	P < 0.05
		2	2014-2019	-10.84	(-14.67, 2.90)
		3	2019-2022	-3.64	(-9.44, 3.40)
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	-1.76	(-2.39, -1.33)	P < 0.001
Midwest	APC	1	1999-2013	3.53	(2.77, 4.53)	P < 0.001
		2	2013-2022	-4.38	(-5.90, -3.15)	P < 0.001
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	0.36	(-0.10, 0.84)
South	APC	1	1999-2006	3.92	(3.06, 6.01)	P < 0.001
		2	2006-2015	1.67	(0.46, 2.21)	P < 0.05
		3	2015-2022	-5.26	(-6.10, -4.48)	P < 0.001
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	0.18	(-0.03, 0.43)
West	APC	1	1999-2013	3.53	(2.69, 4.53)	P < 0.001
		2	2013-2022	-7.13	(-8.69, -5.75)	P < 0.001
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	-0.78	(-1.28, -0.29)	P < 0.05

APC: Annual percentage change; AAPC: Average annual percentage change.

Table 9 Viral hepatitis age-adjusted mortality rate per 100000 people; stratified by urban vs rural, 1999-2022

Year	Urban	Rural
1999	5.69	3.80
2000	6.20	4.12
2001	6.46	4.71
2002	6.84	5.19
2003	6.70	5.30
2004	6.67	5.28
2005	6.81	5.44
2006	7.65	6.10
2007	8.01	6.55
2008	8.06	6.86
2009	8.06	6.87
2010	8.08	6.64
2011	8.33	7.50
2012	8.54	7.73
2013	8.66	7.94
2014	8.63	7.82
2015	8.31	8.34
2016	7.57	7.60
2017	7.09	7.43
2018	6.43	6.94
2019	5.80	6.72
2020	6.02	6.83

Table 10 Viral hepatitis annual percent change and average annual percent change in the age-adjusted mortality rate per 100000 people; stratified by urban vs rural, 1999-2022

Cohort	Statistic	Segment	Years	Percent change	95%CI	P value
Urban	APC	1	1999-2013	2.98	(2.28, 3.80)	P < 0.001
		2	2013-2022	-6.13	(-7.97, -4.62)	P < 0.001
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	-0.15	(-0.59, 0.29)
Rural	APC	1	1999-2002	10.66	(5.48, 19.12)	P < 0.001
		2	2002-2014	4.05	(2.19, 4.67)	P < 0.05
		3	2014-2022	-3.60	(-5.44, -2.14)	P < 0.05
	AAPC	Full range	1999-2022	2.71	(2.22, 3.29)	P <0.001

APC: Annual percentage change; AAPC: Average annual percentage change.

Citation: Ahlers L, Kash B, Billion T, Mirza M, Tauseef A. Trends in viral hepatitis-related mortality in the United States from 1999 to 2022: A retrospective study. World J Hepatol 2025; 17(5): 106940
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v17/i5/106940.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v17.i5.106940