Cardiovascular implications of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of included studies, mean ± SD

Ref.	Year	Country	Groups	Design	Age (years)	Male% /n	BMI	Outcome measures
Ichikawa et al[19]	2021	Japan	NAFLD-143, non- NAFLD-386	Prospective cohort study	65	61%	NAFLD: 28 ± 4, Non-NAFLD 24 ± 4	CVE
Targher et al[20]	2005	Italy	Case: 248, control: 496	Cohort	Case: 66 ± 4, Control: 65 ± 3	Case: 62%, Control: 62%	Case: 29 ± 4, Control: 26 ± 3	CVE
Guo et al[21]	2022	China	MAFLD-183, Non- MAFLD-365	Prospective cohort	MAFLD: 42.85 ± 11.5, Non-MAFLD 35.38 ± 13.36	NR	MAFLD 31.19 +/- 4.94, Non- MAFLD 24.85 +/- 4.08	CVE
Agarwal et al[22]	2011	India	NAFLD-71, non-NAFLD-53	Cross-sectional	NAFLD: 57 ± 9. Non-NAFLD: 61 ± 8	NR	NAFLD- 27.5 ± 3.99. Non-NAFLD- 25.3 ± 3.5	Prevalence of CAD
Chan et al[23]	2014	Malaysia	399 T2DM	Cross-sectional	IHD: 66.4 ± 8.9. No IHD: 61.5 ± 10.7	IHD: 50.0% Non-IHD: 40.6%	IHD: 29.3 ± 8.3. Non- IHD: 27.6 ± 6.4	Prevalence of IHD
Idilman et al[24]	2014	Turkey	NAFLD: 59, Non-NAFLD: 214	Cross-sectional retrospective	NAFLD: 56.6 ± 7.4. Non-NAFLD: 59.2 ± 9.8	NAFLD: 95. Non-NAFLD: 32	NAFLD: 32.5 ± 5.38. No-NAFLD: 31 ± 6.16	Prevalence of CAD
Lu et al[25]	2009	China	NAFLD-421, Non-NAFLD- 139	Cross-sectional	NAFLD: 56.42 ± 6.57 Non-NAFLD; 57.19 ± 6.61	NAFLD: 264, Non-NAFLD: 64	NAFL: 28.42 ± 4.33, Non- NAFL: 25.18 ± 4.19	Prevalence of CVD
Takeuch et al[26]	2012	Japan	FLD: 77, NO-FLD: 169	Cross-sectional	FLD: 61 ± 9, No-FLD: 65 ± 7	NR	FLD: 26.4 ± 3.6, Non-FLD: 23.7 ± 3.7	Prevalence of CVD
Targher et al[27]	2006	Italy	NAFLD-400, Non- NAFLD- 400	Cross-sectional	NAFLD: 58 ± 4. Non-NAFLD: 59 ± 4	NAFLD: 54%. Non-NAFLD: 54%	NAFLD: 28.1 ± 4. Non-NAFLD: 26.4 ± 3	Prevalence of CVD
Targher et al[28]	2007	Italy	NAFLD-1974, Non- NAFLD- 418	Cross-sectional	NAFLD: 65 ± 6. Non-NAFLD: 60 ± 4	NAFLD: 57%. Non-NAFLD: 54%	NAFLD: 28.3 ± 4. Non-NAFLD: 26.5 ± 3	Prevalence of CVD
Dehghani Firouzabadi et al[29]	2024	Iran	NAFLD- 360, Non-NAFLD-837	Cross- sectional	NAFLD: 53.2 ± 10.4, Non-NAFLD: 57.4 ± 11.3	NAFLD: 43%. Non-NAFLD: 43.2%	NAFLD: 30.9 ± 6.0, Non-NAFLD: 29.3 ± 5.3	CVE and Prevalence of CVD
Kim et al[30]	2024	Korea	NAFLD: 135184, Non-NAFLD: 198322	Cohort	MASLD: 46.1 ± 9.8, Non-MASLD: 39.6 ± 10.0	MASLD: 86.2%, Non-MASLD: 44%	MASLD: 26.3 ± 2.4, Non-MASLD: 21.9 ± 2.3	CVE and Prevalence of CVD
Riley et al[31]	2024	United Kingdom	MASLD: 15208, Non-MASLD: 15208	Cohort	MASL: 56.4 ± 14.2, Non-MASLD: 56.4 ± 14.4	MASLD: 45.5%, Non-MASLD: 44.9%	MASLD: 34.7 ± 6.7, Non-MASLD: 34.4 ± 6.7	CVE and Prevalence of CVD
Lalwani and Jha[32]	2024	India	NAFLD-59, Non-NAFLD-41	Cross- sectional	NAFLD: 55.08 ± 9.13, Non-NAFLD: 56.44 ± 8.55	NR	NAFLD: 26.09 ± 2.48, Non-NAFLD: 25.72 ± 2.32	Prevalence of CAD

NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; IHD: Ischemic heart disease; NR: Not reported; FLD: Fatty liver disease; BMI: Body mass index; CVE: Cardiovascular event; MAFLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; CAD: Coronary artery disease.