Epidemiology and clinical features of alcoholic liver disease in Hainan Province, China

Table 1 Univariate analysis of factors drinking rate among permanent residents of Hainan Province, n (%)

Features	Number of investigators	Drinking rate	χ2	P value
Age			36.458	0.000
≥ 15-25	110	37 (33.6)
> 25-35	465	164 (35.3)
> 35-45	557	200 (35.9)
> 45-55	643	222 (34.5)
> 55~65	562	163 (29.0)
> 65	367	72 (19.6)
Sex			299.416	0.000
Male	949	501 (52.8)
Female	1755	357 (20.3)
Ethnicity			224.498	0.000
Han	1989	472 (23.7)
Li	668	356 (53.3)
Other ethnic minorities (Mongolian, Miao, Hui, etc.)	47	30 (63.8)
Household registration			4.352	0.037
Non-agricultural	765	220 (28.8)
Agricultural	1939	638 (32.9)
Literacy			22.915	0.000
Primary school	991	276 (27.9)
Junior high school	865	272 (31.4)
High school/secondary school	475	156 (32.8)
College/university and above	373	154 (41.3)
Marital status			22.985	0.000
Unmarried individuals	810	204 (25.2)
Married individuals	1845	636 (34.5)
Divorced/widowed	49	18 (36.7)
Personal monthly income (RMB)			20.406	0.000
≤ 3000	1768	523 (29.6)
3000-5000	706	236 (33.4)
5000-10000	211	88 (41.7)
> 10000	19	11 (57.9)

Table 2 Hazardous drinking rate among permanent residents of Hainan Province, n (%)

Features	Number of investigators	Hazardous drinking rate	χ2	P value
Age			16.138	0.006
≥ 15-25	110	7 (6.4)
> 25-35	465	70 (15.1)
> 35-45	557	85 (15.3)
> 45-55	643	109 (17.0)
> 55-65	562	86 (15.3)
> 65	367	36 (9.8)
Sex			260.116	0.000
Male	949	279 (29.4)
Female	1755	114 (6.5)
Ethnicity			112.022	0.000
Han	1989	204 (10.3)
Li	668	174 (26.0)
Other ethnic minorities (Mongolian, Miao, Hui, etc.)	47	15 (31.9)
Household registration			4.853	0.028
Non-agricultural	765	93 (12.2)
Agricultural	1939	300 (15.5)
Literacy			2.875	0.411
Primary school	991	131 (13.2)
Junior high school	865	130 (15.0)
High school/secondary school	475	70 (14.7)
College/university and above	373	62 (16.6)
Marital status			8.933	0.011
Unmarried	810	93 (11.5)
Married	1845	291 (15.8)
Divorced/widowed	49	9 (18.4)
Personal monthly income (RMB)			30.984	0.000
≤ 3000	1768	229 (13.0)
3000-5000	706	101 (14.3)
5000-10000	211	56 (26.5)
> 10000	19	7 (36.8)

Table 3 Harmful drinking rate among permanent residents of Hainan Province, n (%)

Features	Number of investigators	Harmful drinking rate	χ2	P value
Age			8.463	0.131
≥ 15-25	110	0 (0)
> 25-35	465	21 (4.5)
> 35-45	557	35 (6.3)
> 45-55	643	34 (5.3)
> 55-65	562	30 (5.3)
> 65	367	16 (4.4)
Sex			177.521	0.000
Male	949	120 (12.6)
Female	1755	16 (0.9)
Ethnicity			40.352	0.000
Han	1989	86 (4.3)
Li	668	42 (6.3)
Other ethnic minorities (Mongolian, Miao, Hui, etc.)	47	8 (17.0)
Household registration			0.461	0.497
Non-agricultural	765	35 (4.6)
Agricultural	1939	101 (5.2)
Literacy			1.203	0.752
Primary school	991	48 (4.8)
Junior high school	865	49 (5.7)
High school/secondary school	475	21 (4.4)
College/university and above	373	18 (4.8)
Marital status			0.603	0.758
Unmarried	810	37 (4.6)
Married	1845	96 (5.2)
Divorced/widowed	49	3 (6.1)
Personal monthly income (RMB)			23.613	0.000
≤ 3000	1768	71 (4.0)
3000-5000	706	38 (5.4)
5000-10000	211	23 (10.9)
> 10000	19	4 (21.1)

Table 4 Alcoholic liver disease detection rate among permanent residents of Hainan Province, n (%)

Features	Number of investigators	ALD detection rate	χ2	P value
Age			15.862	0.008
≥ 15-25	110	0 (0)
> 25-35	465	24 (5.2)
> 35-45	557	43 (7.7)
> 45-55	643	37 (5.8)
> 55-65	562	24 (4.3)
> 65	367	14 (3.8)
Sex			204.484	0.000
Male	949	129 (13.6)
Female	1755	13 (0.7)
Ethnicity			2.439	0.292
Han	1989	105 (5.3)
Li	668	32 (4.8)
Other ethnic minorities (Mongolian, Miao, Hui, etc.)	47	5 (10.6)
Household registration			1.244	0.265
Non-agricultural	765	46 (6.0)
Agricultural	1939	96 (5.0)
Literacy			1.328	0.723
Primary school	991	57 (5.8)
Junior high school	865	40 (4.6)
High school/secondary school	475	24 (5.1)
College/university and above	373	21 (5.6)
Marital status			5.314	0.118
Unmarried	810	31 (3.8)
Married	1845	109 (5.9)
Divorced/widowed	49	2 (4.1)
Personal monthly income (RMB)			44.791	0.000
≤ 3000	1768	61 (3.5)
3000-5000	706	48 (6.8)
5000-10000	211	28 (13.3)
> 10000	19	5 (26.3)

ALD: Alcoholic liver disease.

Table 5 Alcoholic liver disease types in Hainan Province, (n)

Characteristics	ALD (142)	Mild ALD (48)	AFL (64)	AH (18)	ALC (12)	χ2	P value
Age						11.311	0.479
≥ 15-25		11	10	1	2
> 25-35		16	17	6	4
> 35-45		10	16	6	5
> 45-55		5	13	5	1
> 55-65		6	8	0	0
Sex						2.972	0.377
Male		42	57	18	12
Female		6	7	0	0
Literacy						12.261	0.174
Primary school		18	20	10	9
Junior high school		15	18	4	3
High school/secondary school		9	12	3	0
College/university and above		6	14	1	0
Household registration						5.756	0.136
agricultural		35	37	14	10
Non-agricultural		13	27	4	2
Marital status						5.269	0.145
Unmarried		11	18	1	1
Married		37	46	17	11
Personal monthly income (RMB)						8.025	0.228
≤ 3000		21	24	8	8
3000-5000		14	22	8	4
> 5000		13	18	2	0
Duration of alcohol consumption (years)						9.292	0.149
5-10	34	9	16	5	4
10-15	45	16	15	8	6
≥ 15	63	23	33	5	2
Daily alcohol consumption (g)						123.612	0.000
40-80	58	28	24	5	1
≥ 80	84	20	40	13	11
Drinking mode						16.789	0.006
Continuous small drinker	86	22	45	11	8
Intermittent heavy drinkers	37	12	14	7	4
Continuous and intermittent heavy drinkers	19	14	5	0	0
Type of alcohol consumption						6.489	0.315
White wine	111	32	53	11	10
Beer	7	3	4	7	0
Mixed drinks (liquor, beer, wine, homebrew)	24	13	7	0	2
Diabetes mellitus	25	10	13	1	1	2.755	0.429
Hyperlipidaemia	80	26	34	15	4	8.218	0.042
GGT abnormalities	44	6	19	18	1	60.188	0.000
AST abnormalities	33	10	15	7	1	3.790	0.281
ALT abnormalities	30	6	14	9	1	10.647	0.011
AST/ALT > 2	23	6	12	5	0	4.617	0.188
Hyperbilirubinaemia	28	9	17	2	0	5.346	0.131

ALD: Alcoholic liver disease; AFL: Alcoholic fatty liver; AH: Alcoholic hepatitis; ALC: Alcoholic liver cirrhosis; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine transaminase.

Table 6 Comparison of alcoholic liver disease status between Han and other ethnic groups in Hainan Province, (n)

Characteristics	ALD (142)	Han ALD (105)	Other ethnic ALD (37)	χ2	P value
Age				2.197	0.720
≥ 15-25		18	6
> 25-35		33	10
> 35-45		25	12
> 45-55		17	7
> 55-65		12	2
Sex				1.962	0.161
Male		98	31
Female		7	6
Literacy				9.141	0.027
Primary school		48	9
Junior high school		23	17
High school/secondary school		19	5
College/university and above		15	6
Household registration				2.652	0.152
Agricultural		67	29
Non-agricultural		38	8
Marital status				2.029	0.174
Unmarried		26	5
Married		79	32
Personal monthly income (RMB)				5.572	0.059
≤ 3000		40	21
3000-5000		36	12
5000-10000		29	4
> 10000
ALD type				4.350	0.219
MAl		38	10
AFL		49	15
AH		10	8
ALC		8	4
Duration of alcohol consumption (years)				0.092	0.969
5-10	34	25	9
10-15	45	34	11
≥ 15	63	46	17
Daily alcohol consumption (g)				5.652	0.02
40-80	58	49	9
≥ 80	84	56	28
Drinking mode				89.093	0.000
Continuous small drinker	86	83	3
Intermittent heavy drinkers	37	6	31
Continuous and intermittent heavy drinkers	19	16	3
Type of alcohol consumption				1.958	0.405
White wine	111	85	26
Beer	7	4	3
Mixed drinks (liquor, beer, wine, homebrew)	24	16	8
Diabetes mellitus	25	19	6	0.067	0.812
Combined hyperlipidaemia	80	60	20	0.106	0.848
GGT abnormalities	44	32	12	0.049	0.838
AST abnormalities	33	24	9	0.033	1.000
ALT abnormalities	30	22	8	0.007	1.000
AST/ALT > 2	23	18	5	0.265	0.796
Hyperbilirubinaemia	28	22	6	0.388	0.636

ALD: Alcoholic liver disease; MAl: Mild alcoholic liver disease; AFL: Alcoholic fatty liver; AH: Alcoholic hepatitis; ALC: Alcoholic liver cirrhosis; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine transaminase.