Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Hepatol. Aug 27, 2024; 16(8): 1120-1130
Published online Aug 27, 2024. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i8.1120
Table 1 Patient demographics, lifestyle, and comorbidities according to liver disease on ultrasound
Variable
Total (n = 148)
No liver disease (n = 39)
Liver disease (n = 109)
P value1
Age in year47 (40-55)49 (40-61)47 (40-54)1
Female69 (46.6)11 (28.2)58 (53.2)0.007
Social class0.36
    Manual21 (14.2)3 (7.7)18 (16.5)
    Non-skilled65 (43.9)16 (41.0)49 (45.0)
    Semiskilled11 (7.4)5 (12.8)6 (5.5)
    Skilled manual9 (6.1)4 (10.3)5 (4.6)
    Skilled non-manual6 (4.1)2 (5.1)4 (3.7)
    Professional36 (24.3)9 (23.1)27 (24.8)
Income class0.3
    Poor6 (4.1)1 (2.6)5 (4.6)
    Lower middle 46 (31.1)17 (43.6)29 (26.6)
    Middle 83 (56.1)19 (48.7)64 (58.7)
    Upper middle 10 (6.8)1 (2.6)9 (8.3)
    Upper 3 (2.0)1 (2.6)2 (1.8)
Willingness to pay, yes148 (100)39 (100)109 (100)-
Education0.79
    Primary school87 (58.8)25 (64.1)62 (56.9)
    Secondary school21 (14.2)5 (12.8)16 (14.7)
    Undergraduate34 (23.0)7 (18.0)27 (24.8)
    Postgraduate6 (4.1)2 (5.1)4 (3.7)
Sleep in hour0.96
    77 (4.7)2 (5.1)5 (4.6)
    8120 (81.1)31 (79.5)89 (81.7)
    915 (13.8)6 (15.4)15 (13.8)
Dietary fats and oils0.042
    Normal23 (15.5)10 (25.6)13 (11.9)
    High125 (84.5)29 (74.4)96 (88.1)
Dietary protein-
    Normal148 (100)39 (100)109 (100)
Dietary vegetables and fruits0.27
    Normal76 (51.4)23 (59.0)53 (48.6)
    High72 (48.7)16 (41.0)56 (51.4)
Dietary carbohydrates0.78
    Normal3 (2.0)1 (2.6)2 (1.8)
    High145 (98.0)38 (97.4)107 (98.2)
Dietary dairy and cheese0.77
    Normal28 (18.9)8 (20.5)20 (18.4)
    High120 (81.1)31 (79.5)89 (81.7)
Dietary sweets and confectionaries0.63
    Normal54 (36.5)13 (33.3)41 (37.6)
    High94 (63.5)26 (66.7)68 (62.4)
Hypertension24 (16.2)8 (20.5)16 (14.7)0.4
Hypercholesterolaemia2 (1.4)1 (2.6)1 (0.9)0.45
Previous myocardial infarction2 (1.4)1 (2.6)1 (0.9)0.45
Previous stroke1 (0.7)1 (2.6)0 (0)0.093
Polycystic ovarian syndrome0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)-
Obstructive sleep apnoea13 (8.8)4 (10.3)9 (8.3)0.71
Vitamin D deficiency3 (2.0)0 (0)3 (2.8)0.3
Hypothyroidism4 (2.7)0 (0)4 (3.7)0.23
Family history of type 2 diabetes58 (39.2)17 (43.6)41 (37.6)0.51
Family history of liver disease0 (0)0 (0)0 (0)-
Table 2 Stepwise logistic regression to identify significant factors associated with any liver disease on ultrasound
Variable
Odds ratio (95%CI)
P value
Females 3.09 (1.09-8.80)0.034
Waist circumference1.42 (1.22-1.66)< 0.001
LDL cholesterol1.01 (1.00-1.02)0.048
Table 3 Stepwise logistic regression to identify factors associated with grade 2/3 liver disease on ultrasound
Variable
Odds ratio (95%CI)
P value
Triglyceride levels1.01 (1.00-1.01)0.004
Income3.58 (1.28-10.04)0.015
Education0.33 (0.12-0.85)0.023
Excessive hunger0.25 (0.06-0.95)0.042
Alanine aminotransferase levels1.02 (1.00-1.03)0.032
Right upper quadrant pain or heaviness5.22 (1.40-19.41)0.014
Involuntary weight loss or gain0.11 (0.02-0.52)0.005
Tingling, pain or numbness of hands and feet0.20 (0.05-0.80)0.023
Waist circumference1.31 (1.02-1.69)0.036