Current status of drug therapy for alveolar echinococcosis

Table 1 The contents of the combination therapy with albendazole

Treatment plan	In vitro or in vivo	Treatment effect
ABZ + ubenimex	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
ABZ + carvacrol	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
ABZ + metformin	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
ABZ + atovaquone	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
ABZ + thymol	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
ABZ + 2-DG	In vitro	Better therapeutic effect
ABZ + nitazoxanide	In vitro	Has a certain effect
ABZ + GIZn	In vitro + in vivo	Has a certain effect
ABZ solubilizing agents	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect

ABZ: Albendazole; 2-DG: 2-deoxy-D-glucose; GIZn: Glucan supplemented with zinc.

Table 2 Synthetic compounds for anti-alveolar echinococcosis therapy

Treatment plan		In vitro or in vivo	Treatment effect
Anti-angiogenic drugs	Anacardic acid	In vitro + in vivo	Inhibit AE progression
	Sunitinib	In vitro + in vivo	Inhibit AE progression
	Sorafenib	In vivo	Inhibit AE progression
Anti-tumour drugs	Imatinib	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	Bortezomib	In vitro + in vivo	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	2-ME2	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	3-BrPA	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Genistein	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	Lonidamine	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	Doxorubicin	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Tamoxifen	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	5-fluorouracil	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Paclitaxel	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Nilotinib	In vitro	No therapeutic effect
	Everolimus	In vitro	No therapeutic effect
Immunosuppressants	PD-1/PD-L1 MAbs	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	TIGIT MAbs	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	IFN-γ	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	IFNα-2α	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	IL-12	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	Cyclosporin A	In vitro	No therapeutic effect
Anti-infective drugs	Amphotericin B	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Pseudolaric acid B	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Itraconazole	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	Macrolide antibiotic clarithromycin	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	Buparvaquone	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
Antimalarial drugs and insecticides	Mefloquine	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Artemisinin	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	Thiacloprid	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Carbazole aminoalcohols	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Triclabendazole	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	Clorsulon	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
Other synthetic compounds and drugs carriers	Verapamil	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Dithiocarbamate Derivatives	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	PLGA	In vivo	Better therapeutic effect

IL-12: Interleukin-12; PLGA: Polylactic-co-glycolic acid; 2-ME2: 2-methoxyestradiol; 3-BrPA: 3-bromopyruvate; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1; MAbs: Monoclonal antibodies; TIGIT: T-cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain; IFN: Interferon; AE: Alveolar echinococcosis.

Table 3 Natural compound anti-alveolar echinococcosis therapy

Treatment plan	In vitro or in vivo	Treatment effect
Asparagusic acid	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
Crocin	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
Allicin	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
Thymus capitatus essential oil	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
Ampelopsin	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
Menthol	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
Osthole	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
Punica granatum peel extract	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
Matrine	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
Curcumin	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect