Do peripartum and postmenopausal women with primary liver cancer have a worse prognosis? A nationwide cohort in Taiwan

Table 1 Demographic characteristics and comorbidities of patients with newly diagnosed peripartum primary liver cancer in Taiwan during 1996-2012

Characteristics	Total, N	Peripartum primary liver cancer		P value
		No, n = 160	Yes, n = 40
		n (%) / mean ± SD	n (%) / mean ± SD
Age				0.788
< 30	88	69 (43.1)	19 (47.5)
30-34	64	53 (33.1)	11 (27.5)
35-49	48	38 (23.8)	10 (25)
mean ± SD1		31.3 ± 5.1	30.9 ± 4.8	0.673
Baseline comorbidity
HBV	58	47 (29.4)	11 (27.5)	0.815
Unspecified chronic hepatitis	2	1 (0.6)	1 (2.5)	0.286
Alcoholic liver disease	6	5 (3.1)	1 (2.5)	0.836
Cirrhosis	9	6 (3.8)	3 (7.5)	0.306
Biliary stone	6	4 (2.5)	2 (5)	0.407
Cholecystitis	12	8 (5)	4 (10)	0.234
Cholangitis	10	7 (4.4)	3 (7.5)	0.417

¹t-test, Chi-square test.

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 2 Cox model measured hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of death associated non-peripartum primary liver cancer and peripartum primary liver cancer patients

Characteristics	Event, n = 124	Person, yr	IR	Crude		Adjusted
				HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value
Peripartum primary liver cancer
No	97	587	16.53	Ref.		Ref.
Yes	27	99	27.17	1.35 (0.88-2.08)	0.166	1.40 (0.89-2.20)	0.149
Age at baseline
< 30	54	350	15.44	Ref.		Ref.
30-34	39	169	23.08	1.21 (0.80-1.84)	0.359	1.47 (0.95-2.28)	0.083
35-49	31	167	18.52	1.29 (0.83-2.00)	0.266	1.13 (0.69-1.85)	0.617
Baseline comorbidity
HBV	27	230	11.72	0.52 (0.34-0.80)	0.003	0.48 (0.30-0.77)	0.002
Unspecified chronic hepatitis	1	11	9.04	0.86 (0.12-6.17)	0.882	0.56 (0.08-4.10)	0.565
Alcoholic liver disease	6	8	73.37	2.85 (1.25-6.49)	0.013	2.15 (0.73-6.36)	0.165
Cirrhosis	7	40	17.55	1.12 (0.52-2.40)	0.773	1.49 (0.57-3.90)	0.411
Biliary stone	4	11	35.47	1.23 (0.45-3.33)	0.686	0.64 (0.17-2.35)	0.499
Cholecystitis	5	80	6.26	0.43 (0.18-1.06)	0.066	0.30 (0.12-0.75)	0.010
Cholangitis	7	4	179.30	3.76 (1.71-8.26)	< 0.001	3.34 (1.49-7.47)	0.003

Adjusted HR: Adjusted for gender, age, and all comorbidities in Cox proportional hazards regression; CI: Confidence interval; HR: Hazard ratios; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; IR: Incidence rate.

Table 3 Survival rates of different follow-up durations between non-peripartum primary liver cancer and peripartum primary liver cancer patients

Follow-up duration	Survival rate (%)		P value
	Non-peripartum primary liver cancer	Peripartum primary liver cancer
≤ 0.5	78.94	71.79	0.254
≤ 1	63.61	60.84	0.611
≤ 3	44.85	30.42	0.111
≤ 5	39.59	27.38	0.117

Table 4 Demographic characteristics and comorbidities of female patients newly diagnosed with and without menopause primary liver cancer patients in Taiwan during 1996-2012

Characteristics	Total, N = 13440	Liver cancer		P value
		≥ 50 yr, n = 10752	< 50 yr, n = 2688
		n (%)/mean ± SD	n (%)/mean ± SD
Age
mean ± SD1		69.1 ± 9.6	39.7 ± 10.5	< 0.001
Baseline comorbidity
HBV	2971	2358 (21.9)	613 (22.8)	0.329
HCV	1168	931 (8.7)	237 (8.8)	0.795
Unspecified chronic hepatitis	780	619 (5.8)	161 (6)	0.645
Alcoholic liver disease	211	157 (1.5)	54 (2)	0.041
Cirrhosis	4142	3321 (30.9)	821 (30.5)	0.730
Biliary stone	1269	1012 (9.4)	257 (9.6)	0.813
Cholecystitis	626	489 (4.5)	137 (5.1)	0.227
Cholangitis	818	649 (6)	169 (6.3)	0.626

¹t-test, Chi-square test.

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 5 Cox model measured hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of death associated with and without menopause primary liver cancer patients

Characteristics	Event, N = 9982	Person, yr	IR	Crude		Adjusted
				HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value
Liver cancer
≥ 50 yr	8279	23410	35.37	Ref.		Ref.
< 50 yr	1703	9149	18.61	0.65 (0.61-0.68)	< 0.001	0.64 (0.61-0.68)	< 0.001
Baseline comorbidity
HBV	2049	7552	27.13	0.81 (0.77-0.85)	< 0.001	0.76 (0.72-0.80)	< 0.001
HCV	831	3513	23.65	0.75 (0.70-0.81)	< 0.001	0.72 (0.67-0.78)	< 0.001
Unspecified chronic hepatitis	584	2224	26.25	0.90 (0.83-0.98)	0.015	0.96 (0.88-1.05)	0.349
Alcoholic liver disease	165	449	36.72	1.04 (0.89-1.21)	0.640	1.07 (0.91-1.25)	0.408
Cirrhosis	3186	9924	32.10	1.01 (0.97-1.05)	0.739	1.18 (1.13-1.24)	< 0.001
Biliary stone	955	2730	34.98	1.08 (1.01-1.15)	0.024	0.98 (0.91-1.05)	0.562
Cholecystitis	416	2162	19.25	0.70 (0.63-0.77)	< 0.001	0.71 (0.64-0.78)	< 0.001
Cholangitis	687	989	69.45	1.76 (1.63-1.91)	< 0.001	1.77 (1.63-1.92)	< 0.001

Adjusted HR: Adjusted for comorbidities in Cox proportional hazards regression; CI: Confidence interval; HR: Hazard ratios; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; IR: Incidence rate.

Table 6 Survival rates of different follow-up durations between primary liver cancer patients with and without menopause

Follow-up duration	Survival rate (%)		P value
	≥ 50 yr	< 50 yr
≤ 0.5	64.16	72.44	< 0.001
≤ 1	51.66	60.57	< 0.001
≤ 3	31.28	42.92	< 0.001
≤ 5	21.83	37.02	< 0.001