Gastric food retention at endoscopy is associated with severity of liver cirrhosis

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with cirrhosis and without known liver disease

Variables	Mean ± SD or %		P value1
	Cirrhosis (n = 364)	No known liver disease (n = 519)
Age (yr)	56 ± 11	66 ± 18	< 0.001
Sex			< 0.001
Male	227 (63)	232 (45)
Female	133 (37)	287 (55)
Presence of an upper Gastrointestinal symptom	357 (98)	505 (97)	0.457
Diabetes mellitus type I	2 (0.6)	1 (0.2)	0.572
Diabetes mellitus type II	112 (31)	142 (27)	0.271
HIV	22 (6)	17 (3)	0.049
Neurological disorders	7 (2)	59 (11)	0.001
Infiltrative diseases (scleroderma or amyloidosis)	7 (2)	9 (2)	0.836
Opioid use	46 (13)	52 (10)	0.223
Calcium channel blocker use	30 (8)	110 (21)	0.001
Other gastric anti-kinetic medications	19 (5)	58 (11)	0.002
Prokinetic medications	1 (0.3)	3 (0.6)	0.647
Hemoglobin (g/L)	129 ± 22	106 ± 22	< 0.001
Platelets (x 109/L)	97 ± 50	230 ± 87	< 0.001
Creatinine (µmol/L)	76 ± 21	83 ± 29	< 0.001
PT/INR	1.2 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1	< 0.001
Total Bilirubin (µmol/L)	20.5 ± 13.7	10.3 ± 3.4	< 0.001
Albumin (g/L)	34 ± 7	37 ± 6	< 0.001
AST (IU/L)	58 ± 36	23 ± 7	< 0.001
ALT (IU/L)	39 ± 31	18 ± 8	< 0.001
Hemoglobin A1C	6.0 ± 1.3	6.2 ± 0.8	0.006
TSH (mU/L)	2.30 ± 0.40	3.47 ± 1.67	0.304

¹χ² test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables and t-test/Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables. HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; PT/INR: Prothrombin time/international normalized ratio; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone.

Table 2 Relationship between patient characteristics and retained food in cirrhotics

	Retained food (n = 33)	No retained food (n = 331)	P value1
Age group			0.015
< 60 yr	12.6%	87.4%
≥ 60 yr	5.2%	94.8%
Sex			0.942
Male	9.3%	90.7%
Female	9.0%	91.0%
Diabetes Mellitus type I or II	13.2%	86.8%	0.066
Opioid use	21.7%	78.3%	0.004
Calcium channel blocker use	16.7%	83.3%	0.173
Child-Pugh class			0.007
A	6.4%	93.6%
B	10.3%	89.7%
C	24.1%	75.9%
Alcoholic cirrhosis	13.0%	87.0%	0.201
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with cirrhosis	4.3%	95.7%	0.406
Lower platelet count (continuous)			0.027
Portal hypertensive gastropathy	10.9%	89.1%	0.292
Gastric varices	5.6%	94.4%	0.758
Esophageal varices	11.0%	89.0%	0.084
Hepatic encephalopathy	13.6%	86.4%	0.118
Ascites	10.6%	89.4%	0.471
SBP	13.3%	86.7%	0.640
Presence of an upper gastrointestinal symptom	12.9%	87.1%	0.248

¹χ² test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables and t-test/Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables. SBP: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

Table 3 Multivariate analysis for retained food in cirrhotic patients

	Adjusted odds ratio (95%CI)	P value1
Age
< 60 yr	ref
≥ 60 yr	0.49 (0.21-1.14)	0.098
Diabetes	2.34 (1.08-5.06)	0.031
Opioid use	3.08 (1.29-7.34)	0.011
Child-Pugh class
A	ref
B	1.43 (0.62-3.28)	0.403
C	4.29 (1.43-12.9)	0.010
Platelet count	0.99 (0.99-1.00)	0.117

¹χ² test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables and t-test/Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables.