Dynamic immune response and its influencing factors in COVID-19 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A cohort study

Figure 1 Comparison of lymphocyte subset counts and their percentages at admission, discharge, and 2 weeks and 4 weeks after discharge. A and B: Comparison between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and those without; C and D: Comparison across different time points in COVID-19 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001. COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; LY: Lymphocyte counts.

Figure 2 Analysis of lymphocyte subsets and their percentages in coronavirus disease 2019 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease at admission, discharge, and 2 weeks and 4 weeks post-discharge after adjustment for comorbidities. A and B: Comparison between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and those without; C and D: Comparison across different time points in COVID-19 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001. COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; LY: Lymphocyte counts.

Figure 3 Impact of age on lymphocyte subsets and their percentages in coronavirus disease 2019 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A longitudinal analysis from hospital admission to 4 weeks post-discharge. A: Lymphocyte subset counts (cells/μL); B: Lymphocyte subset percentages (%). ^aP < 0.05, 18-44 years vs 45-59 years; ^bP < 0.05, 18-44 years vs ≥ 60 years; ^cP < 0.05, 45-59 years vs ≥ 60 years; ^dP < 0.05; ^eP < 0.01; ^fP < 0.001. LY: Lymphocyte counts.

Figure 4 Impact of liver fibrosis on lymphocyte subsets and their percentages in coronavirus disease 2019 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A longitudinal analysis from hospital admission to 4 weeks post-discharge. < F2: Non-significant liver fibrosis; ≥ F2: Significant liver fibrosis; ≥ F4: Cirrhosis. A: Lymphocyte subset counts (cells/μL); B: Lymphocyte subset percentages (%). ^aP < 0.05, < F2 vs ≥ F2; ^bP < 0.05, ≥ F2 vs ≥ F4; ^cP < 0.05, < F2 vs ≥ F4; ^dP < 0.05; ^eP < 0.01; ^fP < 0.001. LY: Lymphocyte counts.

Figure 5 Impact of comorbidities on lymphocyte subsets and their percentages in coronavirus disease 2019 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A longitudinal analysis from hospital admission to 4 weeks post-discharge. A: Lymphocyte subset counts (cells/μL); B: Lymphocyte subset percentages (%). ^aP < 0.05, 0 vs 1; ^bP < 0.05, 0 vs 2; ^cP < 0.05, 0 vs 3; ^dP < 0.05, 1 vs 2; ^eP < 0.05, 1 vs 3; ^fP < 0.05, 2 vs 3; ^gP < 0.001; ^hP < 0.05; ⁱP < 0.01. LY: Lymphocyte counts; 0: No comorbidities; 1: One comorbidity; 2: Two comorbidities; ≥ 3: Three or more comorbidities.

Figure 6 Impact of body mass index on lymphocyte subsets and their percentages in coronavirus disease 2019 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A longitudinal analysis from hospital admission to 4 weeks post-discharge. A: Lymphocyte subset counts (cells/μL); B: Lymphocyte subset percentages (%). ^aP < 0.05, normal weight vs overweight; ^bP < 0.05, normal weight vs obesity; ^cP < 0.05, overweight vs obesity; ^dP < 0.05; ^eP < 0.01; ^fP < 0.001. Normal weight: 18.5 ≤ body mass index (BMI) < 24; Overweight: 24 ≤ BMI < 28; Obesity: BMI ≥ 28; LY: Lymphocyte counts.

Figure 7 Impact of liver enzymes on lymphocyte subsets and their percentages in coronavirus disease 2019 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A longitudinal analysis from hospital admission to 4 weeks post-discharge. A: Lymphocyte subset counts (cells/μL); B: Lymphocyte subset percentages (%). ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001. LY: Lymphocyte counts.

Figure 8 Impact of vaccination on lymphocyte subsets and their percentages in coronavirus disease 2019 with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A longitudinal analysis from hospital admission to 4 weeks post-discharge. A: Lymphocyte subset counts (cells/μL); B: Lymphocyte subset percentages (%). ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001. LY: Lymphocyte counts.