Enhanced surgical tolerance of schistosomiasis-induced fibrotic liver following treatment with Ziziphus plant extract

Figure 1 Apoptosis analysis. A and B: Liver cell damage, represented by apoptosis, was normal in group I and I group II, respectively; C: A higher percentage of liver damage (62.9%) was observed in group III hamsters with infected Bovine leukemia virus; D and E: A marked decline in apoptosis (28.7% and 23.6%, respectively) in the groups that received Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract (group IV) and Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract + 50% liver resection (group V). Apoptosis is identified by the dark, black-stained area upon propidium iodide staining, which labels DNA; the stained area denotes marked DNA fragmentation. FL2-H: Fluorescence channel 2 height.

Figure 2 Hematoxylin and eosin micrograph of liver sections. A and B: Normal hepatic structure with hepatocytes arranged in strands alternating with blood sinusoids forming a network around central veins. No neuroinflammatory injury or granulomas were detected. Control negative group I (A); control negative Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract (ZSCLE)-treated group II (B); C: Group III with infected Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), showing multiple bilharzial granulomas formed of bilharzial ova, eosinophils, epithelioid cells, and fibrous capsule; D: Infected BLV and ZSCLE-treated group IV, showing moderate granuloma formation accompanied by inflammatory reaction; E: Infected BLV and ZSCLE-treated + 50% resected group V, showing few granulomas with remaining focal inflammatory cell infiltration and congestion.