Effect of portal pressure gradient reduction on outcomes after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in portal hypertension patients

Figure 1 Study flowchart. The flowchart illustrating the screening and grouping of 963 transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt-treated portal hypertension patients. A total of 148 patients were excluded whereas 815 were included. Patients were divided based on portal pressure gradient reduction into group A and group B, with 357 and 305 patients, respectively, after propensity score matching. TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; PSM: Propensity score matching.

Figure 2 Comparison of standardized mean differences pre- and post-propensity score matching. Gray circles indicate standardized mean differences before matching, and blue triangles represent standardized mean differences after matching.

Figure 3 Kaplan-Meier survival for six outcomes between group A (portal pressure gradient reduction ≤ 50%) and group B (portal pressure gradient reduction > 50%) before propensity score matching. A: Rebleeding-free survival (P = 0.002); B: Shunt dysfunction-free survival (P < 0.001); C: Hepatic encephalopathy-free survival (P < 0.001); D: Hepatocellular carcinoma-free survival (P = 0.003); E: Liver failure-free survival (P = 0.002); F: Overall survival (P = 0.003). HE: Hepatic encephalopathy.

Figure 4 Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for six outcomes between group A (portal pressure gradient reduction ≤ 50%) and group B (portal pressure gradient reduction > 50%) after propensity score matching. A: Rebleeding-free survival (P = 0.004); B: Shunt dysfunction-free survival (P = 0.002); C: Hepatic encephalopathy-free survival (P < 0.001); D: Hepatocellular carcinoma-free survival (P = 0.009); E: Liver failure-free survival (P = 0.003); F: Overall survival (P = 0.024). HE: Hepatic encephalopathy.

Figure 5 Forest plots for the multivariate Cox regression analyses for mortality. A: Before propensity score matching; B: After propensity score matching. HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Figure 6 Scatter plot illustrating the negative correlation between portal vein diameter and percentage decrease in portal pressure gradient. The red line represents the linear regression trend.