Basic Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Hepatol. Mar 27, 2021; 13(3): 343-361
Published online Mar 27, 2021. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i3.343
BIR repeat-containing ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (BRUCE) regulation of β-catenin signaling in the progression of drug-induced hepatic fibrosis and carcinogenesis
Chrystelle L Vilfranc, Li-Xiao Che, Krushna C Patra, Liang Niu, Olugbenga Olowokure, Jiang Wang, Shimul A Shah, Chun-Ying Du
Chrystelle L Vilfranc, Li-Xiao Che, Krushna C Patra, Chun-Ying Du, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
Liang Niu, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
Olugbenga Olowokure, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
Jiang Wang, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
Shimul A Shah, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
Author contributions: Vilfranc CL, Che LX, Shah SA and Du CY performed study concept and design; Vilfranc CL and Che LX performed acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data; Vilfranc CL performed drafting of the manuscript, revision of the manuscript with important intellectual contribution; Che LX performed RNA-seq transcriptome analysis and edited the manuscript; Patra KC performed intellectual contribution, technical and material support, analysis and interpretation of data; Niu L support with RNA-seq analysis; Olowokure O performed study concept, intellectual contribution; Wang J performed intellectual contribution, histopathological design, analysis and interpretation of clinical data; Shah SA performed intellectual contribution, mentorship to CLV; Du CY performed critical revision of the manuscript, obtained funding, study supervision and manuscript revisions.
Supported by NIH (Du CY), No. R21CA241025-01; NIH (Du CY), No. RO1CA158323; NCI RO1 Diversity Supplement (Du CY), No. R01CA158323-05S; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (Du CY), No. 2UL1TR001425-05A1; University of Cincinnati Center for Environmental Genetics-NIH/NIEHS Award (Du CY), No. P30 ES006096; Pathways to Cancer Therapeutics T32 (Du CY and Vilfranc CL), No. CA117846-12.
Institutional animal care and use committee statement: All animal experiments were performed in accordance with guidelines approved by our Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
ARRIVE guidelines statement: The authors have read the ARRIVE guidelines, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the ARRIVE guidelines.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Chun-Ying Du, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, 3125 Eden Avenue Room # 3216, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States. ducg@ucmail.uc.edu
Received: December 12, 2020
Peer-review started: December 12, 2020
First decision: January 7, 2021
Revised: January 15, 2021
Accepted: March 8, 2021
Article in press: March 8, 2021
Published online: March 27, 2021
Processing time: 98 Days and 1.3 Hours
Abstract
BACKGROUND

BIR repeat-containing ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (BRUCE) is a liver tumor suppressor, which is downregulated in a large number of patients with liver diseases. BRUCE facilitates DNA damage repair to protect the mouse liver against the hepatocarcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-dependent acute liver injury and carcinogenesis. While there exists an established pathologic connection between fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), DEN exposure alone does not induce robust hepatic fibrosis. Further studies are warranted to identify new suppressive mechanisms contributing to DEN-induced fibrosis and HCC.

AIM

To investigate the suppressive mechanisms of BRUCE in hepatic fibrosis and HCC development.

METHODS

Male C57/BL6/J control mice [loxp/Loxp; albumin-cre (Alb-cre)-] and BRUCE Alb-Cre KO mice (loxp/Loxp; Alb-Cre+) were injected with a single dose of DEN at postnatal day 15 and sacrificed at different time points to examine liver disease progression.

RESULTS

By using a liver-specific BRUCE knockout (LKO) mouse model, we found that BRUCE deficiency, in conjunction with DEN exposure, induced hepatic fibrosis in both premalignant as well as malignant stages, thus recapitulating the chronic fibrosis background often observed in HCC patients. Activated in fibrosis and HCC, β-catenin activity depends on its stabilization and subsequent translocation to the nucleus. Interestingly, we observed that livers from BRUCE KO mice demonstrated an increased nuclear accumulation and elevated activity of β-catenin in the three stages of carcinogenesis: Pre-malignancy, tumor initiation, and HCC. This suggests that BRUCE negatively regulates β-catenin activity during liver disease progression. β-catenin can be activated by phosphorylation by protein kinases, such as protein kinase A (PKA), which phosphorylates it at Ser-675 (pSer-675-β-catenin). Mechanistically, BRUCE and PKA were colocalized in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes where PKA activity is maintained at the basal level. However, in BRUCE deficient mouse livers or a human liver cancer cell line, both PKA activity and pSer-675-β-catenin levels were observed to be elevated.

CONCLUSION

Our data support a “BRUCE-PKA-β-catenin” signaling axis in the mouse liver. The BRUCE interaction with PKA in hepatocytes suppresses PKA-dependent phosphorylation and activation of β-catenin. This study implicates BRUCE as a novel negative regulator of both PKA and β-catenin in chronic liver disease progression. Furthermore, BRUCE-liver specific KO mice serve as a promising model for understanding hepatic fibrosis and HCC in patients with aberrant activation of PKA and β-catenin.

Keywords: BIR repeat-containing ubiquitin conjugating enzyme; Diethylnitrosamine; Mouse model; Liver fibrosis; Liver cancer; Hepatocellular carcinoma

Core Tip: Upon diethylnitrosamine (DEN) exposure, BIR repeat-containing ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (BRUCE) liver-deficiency accelerates chronic liver diseases such as fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in mice. Our previous study established the role of BRUCE in the protection of the liver against DEN-induced liver injury and subsequent disease progression. Here we report a chronic fibrosis background induced by hepatic BRUCE knockout in mice that recapitulates the fibrosis background in HCC patients. We also report a BRUCE-dependent suppression of β-catenin activity through the suppression of protein kinase A (PKA) activity. This study provides a therapeutic potential involving the inhibition of PKA and β-catenin activities in patients with liver disease that carry BRUCE inactivating mutations.