Homing and migration of mesenchymal stromal cells: How to improve the efficacy of cell therapy?

Table 1 Overview of the homing molecules expressed on human mesenchymal stromal cells

Group	Molecule	Source	Transcript	Protein	Functional assay
Chemokine receptors	CCR1[70,77-82]	BM[70,77-79,81]	Yes[70,77,79,80]	Yes[70,77-82]	In vitro migration[70,77,78,80], in vivo tail vein injection in mice for tissue distribution[77]
		WJ[79]
		AT[80]
		PB[82]
	CCR2[68,78,81,82]	BM[68,78,81,82]	Yes[68,82]	Yes[68,78,81,82]	In vitro migration[68,78,82]
	CCR3[68,78,81-83]	BM[68,78,81,83]	Yes[68]	Yes[68,78,81,82,83]	In vitro migration[68,78]
		PB[82]
	CCR4[68,77,78,82]	BM[68,77,78,82]	Yes[68,77,82]	Yes[68,77,78]	In vitro migration[68,77,78,82], in vivo tail vein injection in mice for tissue distribution[77]
				No[82]
	CCR5[68,78,81-83]	BM[68,78,81,83]	Yes[68]	Yes[68,78,81,82]	In vitro migration[68,78]
		PB[82]
	CCR6[78,81,83]	BM[78,81,83]	Yes[82]	Yes[78,82]	In vitro migration[78]
	CCR7[70,78,80-83]	BM[70,78,81,83]	Yes[70,80,83]	Yes[70,78,80-83]	In vitro migration[70,78,83]
		AT[80]
		PB[82]
	CCR8[78,82,83]	BM[78,83]	Yes[82]	Yes[78,82,83]	In vitro migration[78]
		PB[82]
	CCR9[70,78,81-83]	BM[70,78,81,83]	Yes[70,83]	Yes[70,78,81-83]	In vitro migration[70,78]
		PB[82]
	CCR10[77,78,81,83]	BM[77,78,81,83]	Yes[77,83]	Yes[77,78,81]	In vitro migration[77,78], in vivo tail vein injection in mice for tissue distribution[77]
	CXCR1[78,81,82,84]	CB[84]	Yes[83,84]	Yes[78,81,82,84]	In vitro migration[78,83,84], in vivo injection in brain[84]
		BM[78,81,82]
		PB[82]
	CXCR2[62,78,81-83]	BM[62,78,81,83]	Yes[62,83]	Yes[62,78,81-83]	In vitro migration[62,78,83], in vivo lung metastasis model[62]
		PB[82]
	CXCR3[78,81-83]	BM[78,81,83]	Yes[83]	Yes[78,81-83]	In vitro migration[78]
		PB[82]
	CXCR4[60,62,65,66,68,70,76,78,80-83,85,90]	BM[60,62,68,70,76,78,81,83,85]	Yes[60,62,66,68,70,76,80,83,85]	Yes[62,65,66,68,70,76,78,80-83,85,90]	In vitro migration[60,62,65,66,68,70,76,78,80,83,85,90], in vivo lung metastasis model[62], tail vein injection in sublethally irradiated mice[66]
		CB[65,85,90]
		Foetal BM[66]
		AT[80]
		PB[82]
	CXCR5[68,70,77-83]	BM[68,70,77,78,81,83]	Yes[68,70,77,79,80,83]	Yes[68,70,77-83]	In vitro migration[68,70,77,78,80], in vivo tail vein injection in mice for tissue distribution[77]
		WJ[79]
		AT[80]
		PB[82]
	CXCR6[70,78,80-83]	BM[70,78,81,83]	Yes[70,80,83]	Yes[70,78,80-83]	In vitro migration[70,78,80]
		AT[80]
		PB[82]
	CXCR7[60,82]	BM[60]	Yes[60]	Yes[82]	In vitro migration[60]
		PB[82]
	CX3CR[82]	BM[82]	Yes[82]	Yes[82]
		PB[82]
	XCR[82,82]	BM[82]	Yes[82]	Yes[82]
		PB[82]
Adhesion molecules	VCAM-1[74,85,86]	BM[74,85,86]	Yes[85]	Yes[85,86]	In vitro migration[74]
		CB[86]
		AT[86]
	ICAM-2[85]	BM[85]	Yes[85]	Yes[85]
	CD62[11,17,54,86-89]	BM[11,54,86-89]		Yes[11,17,54,86-89]	In vivo homing in a mouse model[54]
		CB[17,86,87,89]
		AT[86-89]
		Skin[87]
	LFA-3[85]	BM[85]	Yes[85]	Yes[85]
	Integrin α1[11,85,87]	BM[11,85,87]	Yes[85]	Yes[11,85,87]
		CB[87]
		AT[87]
		Skin[87]
	Integrin α2[85]	BM[85]	Yes[85]	Yes[85]
	Integrin α3[11,85]	BM[11,85]	Yes[85]	Yes[11,85]
	Integrin α5[11,85]	BM[11,85]	Yes[85]	Yes[11,85]
	Integrin α6[85]	BM[85]	Yes[85]	Yes[85]
MT1-MMP[68,77,85]	BM[68,77,85]	Yes[68,77,85]	Yes[68,77,85]	In vitro migration[68,77,85]	MT1-MMP[68,77,85]
	CB[85]
TIMP-1[68,77,90]	BM[68,77,90]	Yes[68,77,90]	Yes[68,77,90]	In vitro migration[68,77,90]	TIMP-1[68,77,90]
TIMP-2[68,90]	BM[68,77,90]	Yes[68,77,90]	Yes[68,77,90]	In vitro migration[68,77,90]	TIMP-2[68,90]
TIMP-3[76]	BM[76]	Yes[76]	Yes[76]	In vitro migration[76]	TIMP-3[76]
c-met (HGF-R)[68,80,85]	BM[68,85]	Yes[68,80,85]	Yes[68,85]	In vitro migration[85,68]	c-met (HGF-R)[68,80,85]
	CB[85]		No[80]
	AT[80]
PDGFRα[68,80,87]	BM[68,87]	Yes[68,80]	Yes[68,80,87]	In vitro migration[68,80]	PDGFRα[68,80,87]
	AT[80,87]
	CB[87]
	Skin[87]
PDGFRβ[68,80,87]	BM[68,87]	Yes[68,80]	Yes[68,80,87]	In vitro migration[68,80]	PDGFRβ[68,80,87]
	AT[80,87]
	CB[87]
	Skin[87]
FGF-R1[80]	AT[80]	Yes[80]	Yes[80]	In vitro migration[80]	FGF-R1[80]
FGF-R2[68]	BM[68]	Yes[68]	Yes[68]	In vitro migration[68]	FGF-R2[68]
EGF-R[68,78]	BM[68,78]	Yes[68,80]	Yes[68,80]	In vitro migration[68,80]	EGF-R[68,78]
	AT[80]
IGF-R1[68]	BM[68]	Yes[68]	Yes[68]	In vitro migration[68]	IGF-R1[68]
TIE-2[68]	BM[68]	Yes[68]	Yes[68]	In vitro migration[68]	TIE-2[68]
TGFRB2[80]	AT[80]	Yes[80]	Yes[80]	In vitro migration[80]	TGFRB2[80]
TNFRSF1A[80]	AT[80]	Yes[80]	Yes[80]	In vitro migration[80]	TNFRSF1A[80]

BM: Bone marrow; CB: Cord blood; AT: Adipose tissue; WJ: Wharton’s Jelly; VCAM: Vascular cell adhesion molecule; ICAM: Intercellular adhesion molecule; CD: Cluster of differentiation; LFA: Lymphocyte function associated antigen; ALCAM: Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; TIMP: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; PDGFR: Platelet-derived growth factor receptor; FGF-R: Fibroblast growth factor receptor; EGF-R: Epidermal growth factor receptor; IGF-R: Insulin-like growth factor receptor; TIE: Tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains; TGFR: Transforming growth factor receptor; TNFRSF: Tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily.