Histone deacetylases and cardiovascular cell lineage commitment

Table 1 Summary of histone deacetylases’ effect on endothelial cell, smooth muscle cell and cardiomyocyte differentiation

Commitment	HDACs	Characterization	Ref.
EC	HDAC1	EC differentiation markers ↓	[28]
	HDAC3	EC differentiation markers ↑	[29]
		In vitro and in vivo angiogenesis	[31]
		In vivo ability to repair injured vessels
	HDAC4	EC differentiation	[33,34]
	HDAC5	Endothelial colony forming cells differentiation	[37]
	HDAC7	EC differentiation	[33-35]
		Maintenance of vascular integrity
		Promote angiogenesis
SMC	HDAC2	Involved in suppressing SMC differentiation	[43,44]
	HDAC3	Neural crest-derived smooth muscle cell differentiation ↓	[43]
	HDAC4	Involved in suppressing SMC differentiation	[44]
	HDAC5	Involved in suppressing SMC differentiation	[44]
	HADC7	Full spliced HDAC7 SMC differentiation markers ↑	[50]
	HADC7	Unspliced HDAC7 SMC differentiation markers ↓	[50]
	HDAC8	Marker of smooth muscle differentiation	[13]
CM	HDAC1	CM differentiation ↑	[56,57]
	HDAC1	CM differentiation ↓	[52-55]
	HDAC2	Induce CMs hypertrophy	[58]
	HDAC3	Regulate early cardiogenesis	[59]
	HDAC4	CSC-derived cardiac regeneration	[60]
		Restoration of cardiac function ↑

EC: Endothelial cell; SMC: Smooth muscle cell; CM: Cardiomyocyte; CSC: Cardiac stem cell; HDAC: Histone deacetylase.