Osteogenic differentiation of amniotic fluid mesenchymal stromal cells and their bone regeneration potential

Table 1 Studies describing in vitro modification of standard culture condition to induce osteogenic differentiation of AF-derived cells

Cell source	Methods to induce osteogenic differentiation	Ref.
hAF-MSCs	Culture in standard osteogenic medium on sandblasted and acid etching titanium (SLA titanium)	[60]
hAF-MSCs	Transfection with a defective adenoviral vector expressing human LMP3	[63]
hAFSCs	Standard osteogenic medium plus curculigoside	[65]
hAFSCs	Standard osteogenic medium plus naringin	[66]
hAFSCs	100 µmol/L 2P-ascorbic acid, 100 nmol/L dexamethasone, supplemented with different concentrations of Ferutinin	[67]
hAF-MSCs	Induction of miR-21	[71]
hAFSCs	Medium containing 50 nmol/L rhBMP-7, 50 mg/mL ascorbic acid, and 10 mmol/L b-glycerophosphate on nanofibrous or solid walled scaffolds	[86]
hAFSCs	10 nmol/L dexamethasone, 6 mmol/L β-glycerol phosphate, 50 mg/mL ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, 50 ng/mL L-thyroxine on electrospun nanofiber meshes	[88]
hAFSCs	Standard osteogenic medium on: (1) Fibroin scaffold; (2) Collagen scaffold; and (3) Poly-D,L-lactic acid scaffold;	[89]
hAFSCs	Standard osteogenic medium on microfibrous starch and poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffold	[90]
hAFSCs	Medical-grade poly-ε-caprolactone scaffold	[91]
hAFSCs	Standard osteogenic medium on collagen matrix derived from porcine bladder submucosa matrix and poly (lactide-co-glycolide)	[92]
hAFSCs	Standard osteogenic medium on construct composed of collagen type I	[93]
hAFSCs	α-MEM plus 17% FBS, 1 μmol/L dexamethasone, 6 mmol/L of β-glycerol phosphate, 50 μg/mL ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, and 50 ng/mL thyroxine on biomaterial named Skelite	[38]

MSCs: Mesenchymal stromal cells; AF-MSCs: MSCs isolated from amniotic fluid; AFSCs: Amniotic fluid stem cells; LMP3: Lim mineralization protein 3.

Table 2 Studies describing in vivo osteogenic differentiation of AF-derived cells

Cell source	Scaffold	Animal model	Ref.
oAF-MSCs	Magnesium-enriched hydroxyapatite/collagen-based scaffold	Sheep model of sinus augumentation	[85]
hAFSCs	Nanofibrous or solid walled scaffolds	Midsagittal incision made on the dorsa and two subcutaneous pockets created using blunt dissection on male outbred thymic nude mouse model (nu/nu)	[86]
hAFSCs	Fibroin scaffolds compared to collagen and poly-D,L-lactic acid scaffolds	Dorsal mid-sagittal incision made on the dorsa and two subcutaneous pockets were created using blunt dissection male outbred rats	[89]
hAFSCs	Microfibrous starch and poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffold	Subcutaneous implantation into the dorsal side of athymic female nude rats	[91]
hAFSCs	Construct composed of collagen type I	Critical-sized rat calvarial defect after oral administration of phytoestrogen ferutinin	[93]
hAFSCs	Biomaterial Skelite	Subcutaneous implantation in the back of CD-1 nu/nu mice	[38]

MSCs: Mesenchymal stromal cells; AF-MSCs: MSCs isolated from amniotic fluid; AFSCs: Amniotic fluid stem cells.