Cell signalling pathways underlying induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming

Table 1 Factors that have been shown to achieve induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming

Reprogramming factor	Human/mouse	Ref.
Oct4	Both	Takahashi et al[18,19]
Sox2	Both	Takahashi et al[18,19]
cMyc	Both	Takahashi et al[18,19]
Klf4	Both	Takahashi et al[18,19]
Nanog	Human	Yu et al[20]
Esrrb	Mouse	Feng et al[73]
Glis1	Both	Maekawa et al[49]
E-cadherin	Mouse	Redmer et al[43]
shp53	Both	Hanna et al[39]
Lin28	Both	Hanna et al[39]
UTX	Both	Mansour et al[82]

Table 2 Small molecules that enhance induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming

Small molecule	Function	Ref.
BIX-01294	Histone methyltransferase inhibitor	Shi et al[51]
Bayk8644	Calcium channel agonist	Shi et al[51]
RG108	DNA methyltransferase inhibitor	Shi et al[51]
5-Aza-2’-Deoxycytidine	DNA methyltransferase inhibitor	Huangfu et al[89]
Dexamethasone	Steroid glucocorticoid	Huangfu et al[89]
Valproic acid	HDAC inhibitor	Huangfu et al[89]
Trichostatin A	HDAC inhibitor	Huangfu et al[89]
SAHA	HDAC inhibitor	Huangfu et al[89]
PD0325901 + CHIR99021	MAPK inhibition and GSK3 inhibition	Shi et al[51], Silva et al[77]
SB 431542+ PD0325901	TGFβ inhibitor	Lin et al[42]
	And MAPK inhibitor
A-83-01	TGFβ inhibitor	Li et al[41], Zhu et al[53]
E616452	TGFβ inhibitor	Ichida et al[90]
AMI-5	Protein arginine methyltransferase inhibitor	Yuan et al[13]
Kenpaullone	Unknown “novel function”	Lyssiotis et al[91]

Adapted from Feng et al[73]. SAHA: Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid; AMI: Arginine N-Methyltransferase Inhibitor.