MicroRNAs as novel regulators of stem cell fate

Table 1 Small molecules in stem cell fate and somatic cell reprogramming

Chemical	Effect (Target)	Result	Ref.
PD0325901	MEK inhibitor	Promotes mouse ESC self-renewal	[161]
CHIR9902	GSK-3 inhibitor
Y27632	ROCK inhibitor	Enhances human ESC survival	[161-164]
Thiazovivin
SB431542	TGF-β receptor inhibitor (SMAD signaling inhibitor)	Induces human ESC differentiation into endothelial cells and neural tissues	[167,168]
VPA	HDAC inhibitor	Somatic cell reprogramming	[170-175]
BIX-01294	HMT inhibitor
RSC133	DNMT inhibitor
5-Aza
SB431542	TGF-β receptor inhibitor
PD0325901	MEK inhibitor
TSA	HDAC inhibitor	Promote HSC self- renewal	[177-179]
Trapoxin
Chlamydocin
SR1	AHR antagonist
PGE2	PG pathway
Pyrvinium	Wnt inhibitor	Promote MSC self- renewal	[191,192]
SKL2001
H-89	PKC inhibitor	Induces human MSC differentiation into chondrocytes	[130,180]
Katogenin	Filamin A
Purmorphamine	RUNX2 activator	Induces human MSC differentiation into osteoblasts	[181,182]
CW008	cAMP/PKA/CREP pathway agonist
SJA710-6		Induces rat MSC differentiation into hepatocytes	[183]
PMA	PKC activator	Induces rat MSC differentiation into cardiomyocytes	[184,185]
LY294002	PI3K/AKTinhibitor	Inhibits mouse MSC differentiation into adipocytes	[186,187]
CHIR9902	GSK-3 inhibitor
Troglitazone	PPARγ agonist	Induces human MSC differentiation into adipocytes
SB431542	SMAD inhibitor	Induces human MSC differentiation into neural-like cells	[188-190]
LY94002	PI3K/AKT inhibitor

ESC: Embryonic stem cell; HSC: Hematopoietic stem cell; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; MEK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; GSK-3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3; ROCK: Rho-associated protein kinase; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor beta; HDAC: Histone deacetylases; HMT: Histone methyltransferases; DNMT: DNA methyltransferases; AHR: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor; PG: Prostaglandins; PKC: Protein kinase C; RUNX2: Runt-related transcription factor 2; cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CREP: cAMP response element-binding protein; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3 kinase; AKT: Protein Kinase B; PPARγ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.