Mesenchymal stem cells: Molecular characteristics and clinical applications

Table 1 Examples of in vivo applications of mesenchymal stem cells

Animal	Disease model	Outcome
Baboon	Skin graft transplantation	Prolonged skin graft survival[169]
Mouse	GvHD	Prevention of GvHD[124,170]
	EAE	Prevention of EAE development and improved functional recovery[129,171]
	CIA	Improved arthritic symptoms[172]
	NOD	Prevent T-cell mediated beta-cell destruction[173]
	SLE	Improved symptoms, serological markers and renal function[137]
	Lung injury	Decreased severity of endotoxin induced lung injury and improved survival[174]
Rat	Glomerulonephritis	Accelerate glomerular healing[175]
	Critical size defect	Improved healing and function[176]
	Experimental colitis	Improved survival and healing[177]
	Dilated rat cardiomyopathy	Improved cardiac function[178]
	Heart transplantation	Participate in tissue repair by giving rise to myofibroblasts and cardiomyocytes[179]
	Myocardial infarction	Improved cardiac function and survival[143]
	Cerebral ischemia	Reduced gross lesion volume and improved functional recovery[151]

CIA: Collagen induced arthritis; EAE: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; GvHD: Graft-versus-Host-Disease; NOD: Non-obese diabetic; SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus.

Table 2 Examples of the therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stem cells in humans

Indications	Source	Rout of administration	Outcome
Myocardial infarction	Allogenic BM	IV	Increased GSS and EF[148]
	Autologous BM	Intracoronary	Improved LVF[149]
Cartilage defect	Autologous BM	Direct site transplantation	Improved clinical symptom and coverage of defect[110]
Osteogenesis imperfecta	Allogenic BM	IV	Growth acceleration[117]
	Fetal MSC	Intrauterine transplantation	Osteoblastic differentiation and reduced fracture[119]
Critical size defect	Autologous BM	Scaffold loaded	Faster full recovery of limb function than bone graft[103]
MLD and hurler syndrome	Allogenic BM	IV	Improved nerve conduction velocity in MLD patient and increased bone mineral density[167]
Severe idiopathic aplastic anemia	Allogenic BM	IV	Improved stroma[168]
Crohn's disease	Adipose derived stem cell	Intralesional	Improved fistula and quality of life[136]

BM: Bon marrow; EF: Ejection fraction; GSS: Global strain score; IV: Intravenous; LVF: Left ventricular failure; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; MLD: Metachromatic leukodystrophy.