Cancer stem cell-associated markers and their prognostic value in non-small cell lung cancer

doi:10.4252/wjsc.119550

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World Journal of Stem Cells

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1948-0210

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Stem Cells. Jun 26, 2026; 18(6): 119550
Published online Jun 26, 2026. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.119550

Table 1 Comparison of general information in different cancer stem cell groups, n (%)/mean ± SD

Variables	Low CSC group (n = 85)	High CSC group (n = 115)	Statistical values	P value
Age (years)	62.05 ± 8.85	64.15 ± 9.10	t = 1.632	0.104
Gender
Male	58 (68.24)	68 (59.13)	χ² = 1.738	0.187
Female	27 (31.76)	47 (40.87)	χ² = 1.738	0.187
History of smoking
Yes	48 (56.47)	70 (60.87)	χ² = 0.391	0.532
No	37 (43.53)	45 (39.13)	χ² = 0.391	0.532
Maximum tumor diameter (cm)	3.15 ± 1.20	3.75 ± 1.35	t = 3.255	0.001
Histological type
Adenocarcinoma	70 (82.35)	58 (50.43)	χ² = 21.611	< 0.001
Non-adenocarcinoma	15 (17.65)	57 (49.57)	χ² = 21.611	< 0.001
Differentiation degree
Poorly	24 (28.24)	48 (41.74)	χ² = 3.868	0.049
Moderately to well	61 (71.76)	67 (58.26)	χ² = 3.868	0.049
Lymph node metastasis
Positive	28 (32.94)	56 (48.70)	χ² = 4.980	0.026
Negative	57 (67.06)	59 (51.30)	χ² = 4.980	0.026
TNM staging
Stage I-II	67 (78.82)	75 (65.22)	χ² = 4.394	0.036
Stage III	18 (21.18)	40 (34.78)	χ² = 4.394	0.036
Postoperative adjuvant therapy
Yes	38 (44.71)	48 (41.74)	χ² = 0.176	0.675
No	47 (55.29)	67 (58.26)	χ² = 0.176	0.675

CSC: Cancer stem cell; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis.

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Table 2 Correlation between expression of cancer stem cell markers and clinical pathological indices, n (%)

Indices	Differentiation	CD133		χ²	P value	ALDH1A1		χ²	P value	SOX2		χ²	P value
Indices	Differentiation	High expression	Low expression	χ²	P value	High expression	Low expression	χ²	P value	High expression	Low expression	χ²	P value
Differentiation	Poorly	40 (55.56)	32 (44.44)	6.097	0.014	46 (63.89)	26 (36.11)	5.355	0.021	30 (41.67)	42 (58.33)	0.130	0.718
Differentiation	Moderately-well	48 (37.50)	80 (62.50)			60 (46.88)	68 (53.12)			50 (39.06)	78 (60.94)
Lymph node metastasis	Positive	46 (54.76)	38 (45.24)	6.808	0.009	56 (66.67)	28 (33.33)	10.859	0.001	40 (47.62)	44 (52.38)	3.503	0.061
Lymph node metastasis	Negative	42 (36.21)	74 (63.79)			50 (43.10)	66 (56.90)			40 (34.48)	76 (65.52)
TNM stage	Stage I-II	56 (39.44)	86 (60.56)			70 (49.30)	72 (50.70)			54 (38.03)	88 (61.97)
TNM stage	Stage III	32 (55.17)	26 (44.83)	4.138	0.042	36 (62.07)	22 (37.93)	2.697	0.101	26 (44.83)	32 (55.17)	0.793	0.373
Histological type	Squamous cell carcinoma	34 (47.22)	38 (52.78)	0.474	0.491	32 (44.44)	40 (55.56)	3.306	0.069	40 (55.56)	32 (44.44)	11.343	0.001
Histological type	Adenocarcinoma	54 (42.19)	74 (57.81)			74 (57.81)	54 (42.19)			40 (31.25)	88 (68.75)

TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis; ALDH1A1: Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1; SOX2: SRY-box transcription factor 2.

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Table 3 Cox regression analysis for influence on overall survival

Variables	Univariate HR (95%CI)	P value	Multivariate HR (95%CI)	P value
Age (10 years per increase)	1.200 (0.950-1.520)	0.120	1.160 (0.910-1.490)	0.220
Male	1.120 (0.740-1.700)	0.590	1.080 (0.700-1.670)	0.730
Smoking history	1.300 (0.910-1.860)	0.150	1.180 (0.830-1.690)	0.350
Poorly differentiated	1.550 (1.060-2.260)	0.024	1.220 (0.850-1.760)	0.280
TNM stage II (vs stage I)	1.400 (0.900-2.180)	0.130	1.220 (0.770-1.930)	0.390
TNM stage III (vs stage I)	2.400 (1.520-3.780)	< 0.001	1.980 (1.235-3.173)	0.004
Postoperative adjuvant therapy	0.850 (0.560-1.300)	0.460	0.820 (0.530-1.270)	0.370
CD133 high expression	1.520 (1.070-2.170)	0.018	1.450 (1.033-2.037)	0.032
ALDH1A1 high expression	1.440 (1.050-1.980)	0.026	1.380 (1.001-1.902)	0.049
SOX2 high expression	1.280 (0.930-1.760)	0.120	1.150 (0.850-1.560)	0.360
CSC score (1 point for each increase)	1.360 (1.120-1.650)	0.002	1.250 (1.050-1.490)	0.012
High CSC group (2-3 points)	1.780 (1.200-2.640)	0.004	1.550 (1.078-2.228)	0.018

HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis; ALDH1A1: Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1; SOX2: SRY-box transcription factor 2; CSC: Cancer stem cell.

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Table 4 Cox regression analysis for influence on disease-free survival

Variables	Univariate HR (95%CI)	P value	Multivariate HR (95%CI)	P value
TNM stage II (vs stage I)	1.320 (0.900-1.930)	0.150	1.180 (0.830-1.680)	0.350
TNM stage III (vs stage I)	2.100 (1.450-3.040)	< 0.001	1.740 (1.210-2.510)	0.003
Poorly differentiated	1.400 (1.010-1.950)	0.043	1.150 (0.810-1.630)	0.430
CD133 high expression	1.280 (0.950-1.730)	0.100	1.120 (0.840-1.500)	0.410
ALDH1A1 high expression	1.460 (1.060-2.010)	0.020	1.350 (1.000-1.820)	0.048
SOX2 high expression	1.200 (0.920-1.580)	0.190	1.050 (0.800-1.380)	0.780
High CSC group (2-3 points)	1.600 (1.150-2.230)	0.006	1.420 (1.040-1.930)	0.028

HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis; ALDH1A1: Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1; SOX2: SRY-box transcription factor 2; CSC: Cancer stem cell.

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Citation: Luo LL, Jiang SC, Li S, Zhang GY, Tang JJ, Guo YD. Cancer stem cell-associated markers and their prognostic value in non-small cell lung cancer. World J Stem Cells 2026; 18(6): 119550
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-0210/full/v18/i6/119550.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.119550

Luo LL, Jiang SC, Li S, Zhang GY, Tang JJ, Guo YD. Cancer stem cell-associated markers and their prognostic value in non-small cell lung cancer. World J Stem Cells 2026; 18(6): 119550 [DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.119550]

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