Copyright
©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Stem Cells. Aug 26, 2024; 16(8): 784-798
Published online Aug 26, 2024. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i8.784
Published online Aug 26, 2024. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i8.784
Table 1 Therapeutic regenerative products derived from adipose tissue
Regenerative product from adipose tissue | Description | Potential applications |
Adipose-derived stem cells[16,17] | Multipotent stem cells capable of differentiating into multiple cell types | Tissue engineering, cell-based therapies |
Stromal vascular fraction[18] | A heterogeneous cell population, including adipose-derived stem cells and other cell types | Wound healing, tissue repair, regenerative treatments |
Extracellular vesicles[19] | Vesicles contain bioactive molecules like proteins and nucleic acids | Angiogenesis, immunomodulation, tissue healing |
Adipokines[20] | Hormones and signaling molecules secreted by adipose tissue | Regulation of appetite, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and lipid metabolism |
ECM scaffolds[21] | Decellularized scaffolds maintain adipose tissue’s structural components | Tissue engineering, support for tissue regeneration |
Microfat and nanofat[22] | Adipose tissue forms rich in regenerative cells and growth factors | Soft tissue augmentation, wound healing, tissue repair |
Table 2 Comparative analysis of autologous vs allogenic stromal vascular fraction sources
SVF source | Advantages | Disadvantages |
Autologous SVF | Eliminates immune rejection. No donor disease transmission. Enables personalized treatments | Requires surgical adipose extraction. Variable SVF quality and quantity |
Allogenic SVF | Avoids surgery for each patient. Steady, ready supply. Beneficial for patients with scant adipose tissue | Possible immune response. Risk of disease if donor screening is lax |
Table 3 Anesthesia options for stromal vascular fraction isolation procedures
Anesthesia type | Description | Application in SVF isolation |
Local anesthesia[39] | Involves injecting anesthetic agents like lidocaine at the harvest site. Patients remain conscious and have minimal systemic side effects | Preferred for small-scale SVF isolation; ensures patient comfort and cooperation |
Tumescent anesthesia[40] | Diluted lidocaine with epinephrine and saline is injected to anesthetize, minimize bleeding, and ease tissue harvest | Common in liposuction to obtain adipose tissue; provides extended anesthesia and vasoconstriction |
General anesthesia[41-43] | Induces complete sedation and unconsciousness, used in comprehensive surgical settings | Rarely used solely for SVF isolation; considered if combined with other surgical interventions |
Table 4 Common sites for stromal vascular fraction aspiration from subcutaneous adipose tissue
Common SVF aspiration sites | Description |
Abdomen[44] | Preferred due to accessibility and ample subcutaneous fat; less invasive for adequate tissue collection |
Thighs[44] | Inner and outer thighs provide a high concentration of subcutaneous fat suitable for harvesting |
Flanks[44] | Often chosen for excess adipose tissue, easily accessible for SVF aspiration |
Buttocks[44] | Utilized when a significant amount of adipose tissue is needed, especially in regenerative procedures |
Table 5 Comparative analysis of adipose tissue harvesting tools: Hypodermic needle vs liposuction cannula
Instrument | Advantages | Disadvantages |
Hypodermic needle | Widely available and cost-effective. Simple, easy for manual aspiration. Various sizes for different applications | Limited use for large-scale harvesting. Multiple punctures may be necessary |
Liposuction cannula | Efficient for large-volume harvesting. Suitable for extensive liposuction needs. Reduces trauma to surrounding tissues | Requires special equipment and training. Less suitable for small-scale procedures |
Table 6 Instrument selection criteria: Hypodermic needle vs liposuction cannula
Factor | Hypodermic needle | Liposuction cannula |
Adipose tissue amount required | Suitable for smaller quantities | Preferred for larger volumes |
Procedure type | Ideal for manual aspiration | Designed for liposuction procedures |
Patient comfort | Potentially less invasive and more comfortable | Larger cannulas may be more discomforting |
Physician expertise | Requires basic proficiency in aspiration techniques | Necessitates expertise in liposuction equipment and methods |
Safety | Low-risk tool for manual procedures | Must be used in line with stringent safety protocols |
Table 7 Centrifugation speed and time parameters for stromal vascular fraction isolation
Centrifugation parameters | Speed, × g | Time in min |
Low-speed centrifugation | 400-600 | 5-10 |
Medium-speed centrifugation | 1200-1500 | 10-15 |
High-speed centrifugation | 2000-2500 | 15-20 |
Table 8 Perspectives on stromal vascular fraction isolation in regenerative medicine
Perspective | Description |
Regenerative potential | Highlights the diverse cells in SVF, like adipose derived stem cells, for tissue repair and potential in regenerative medicine |
Non-invasive approach | Stresses minimally invasive adipose tissue harvest, leading to less discomfort and quicker recovery |
Ethical and safety considerations | Notes the ethical advantage of autologous use and lower risk of rejection or disease transmission |
Clinical applications | Discusses the role of SVF in osteoarthritis, wound healing, and other regenerative areas |
Standardization and quality control | Urges for standardized protocols to ensure consistent results and safety in SVF therapies |
Evolving research | Emphasizes the need for ongoing research to expand understanding and clinical use of SVF |
- Citation: Jeyaraman N, Shrivastava S, Ravi V, Nallakumarasamy A, Pundkar A, Jeyaraman M. Understanding and controlling the variables for stromal vascular fraction therapy. World J Stem Cells 2024; 16(8): 784-798
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-0210/full/v16/i8/784.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v16.i8.784