Human retinal secretome: A cross-link between mesenchymal and retinal cells

Table 1 Ongoing clinical trials on eye diseases based on the use of mesenchymal stem cells

Title	Sponsor/collaborators	URL
Safety and Efficacy of Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosome (PSC-MSC-Exo) Eye Drops Treatment for Dry Eye Diseases Post Refractive Surgery and Associated With Blepharospasm	Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University|Zhejiang University|Hangzhou yuansheng biotechnology Co., Ltd	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05738629
Therapeutic Effect of Stem Cell Eye Drops on Dry Eye Disease	The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05784519
Safety of Cultured Allogeneic Adult Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Eye Diseases	The Foundation for Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05147701
The Role of Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation in Patients Undergoing a Boston Keratoprosthesis	Centre hospitalier de l’Universitè de Montreal (CHUM)|Fonds de recherche en ophtalmologie de l'Universitè de Montreal	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04232982
Characterization of Potential Biomarkers of Eye Disease and Vision	Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02500862
Long-term Safety of UC-MSC Transplantation in Patients With Retinitis Pigmentosa	PT. Prodia Stem Cell Indonesia	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05786287
Clinical Evaluation of Two Daily Disposable Lenses in Sphere Design	Coopervision, Inc.	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05516082
Efficacy of Locally Delivered Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells	University of Illinois at Chicago|United States Department of Defense	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05705024
Diquafosol vs Hyaluronic Acid for Diabetic Dry Eye	He Eye Hospital	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05682547
Eye Length Signal With Myopia Control	Brien Holden Vision Institute	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04813640
Patient Acceptability of Autonomous Telemedicine	Ufonia|Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust|Innovate UK	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04885868
Phase 2b Pivotal Study of Izokibep in Non-infectious, Intermediate-, Posterior- or Pan-uveitis	ACELYRIN Inc.	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05384249
Dose Optimization for Safe and Efficient Fluorescein Angiography (DOSE Study)	Seoul National University Bundang Hospital	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05664555
Analysis of the Results of Intense Pulsed Light Treatment Previously to Laser Refractive Surgery	Vissum, Instituto Oftalmologico de Alicante	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05139511
Study of the Association Between Digital Eye Syndrome With Binocular Vision and the Ocular Surface in Higher Education Students in the Area of Health Technologies	Universidade Nova de Lisboa|NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Cinecias Medicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa|Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Salude de Lisboa (ESTeSL)|University of lâvora|CINTESIS@RISE, NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa|Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Universidade Nova de Lisboa	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05675475
Caffeine Consumption and Cataract Prevention	Vienna Institute for Research in Ocular Surgery	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05194696
Rotational Stability of the TECNIS Eyhance Toric	Vienna Institute for Research in Ocular Surgery	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05126368
Reading Performance in Patients With Acrysof IQ Vivity Versus Acrysof IQ	Vienna Institute for Research in Ocular Surgery	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05194657
Performance of Two Intraocular Lenses With Extended Depth of Vision	Vienna Institute for Research in Ocular Surgery	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05194150
Assessment of Retinal Vascular Changes With and Without ILM Peeling in Diabetic Vitrectomy Using OCT-A	Kasr El Aini Hospital	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05739539
Primary Vitrectomy With Silicone Oil or SF6 for Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment	Cairo University	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05377606
Intravitreal Sirolimus as Therapeutic Approach to Uveitis	Stanford University|Santen Inc.	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01280669
Clinical Trial With Artiflex Presbyopic	Ophtec BV	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04632784
Post-Market Evaluation of the EVO ICL	Staar Surgical Company	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05538754
Clinical Evaluation of Two Multifocal Contact Lenses	Coopervision, Inc.	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05457608
Ologen Collagen Matrix Versus Mitomycin-C in Patients With Juvenile-onset Open Angle Glaucoma	L.V. Prasad Eye Institute	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT03548805
A Comparative Study of Visual Outcome of Two Extended Depth of Focus Intraocular Lenses After Cataract Surgery	Cairo University	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05647421
Keratometric Change After XEN, Trabeculectomy and Tube Shunts	Centre hospitalier de l'Universitè de Montreal (CHUM)|Allergan	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04602923
Post-market Follow Up Study on Paragon CRT 100 (Paflufocon D)	Coopervision, Inc.|TigerMed	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04187599
Evaluating Two Multifocal Daily Disposable Contact Lenses	Coopervision, Inc.	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05579886
A Clinical Comparison of Two Soft Multifocal Contact Lenses	Coopervision, Inc.	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05794126
Ocular Surface Disease and IOP Monitoring With Travoprost Without Conservatives	Democritus University of Thrace	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05319470
Performance of Two Hydrophobic IOLs	Vienna Institute for Research in Ocular Surgery	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05639049
RayOne EMV Mini-monovision - Efficiency and Safety of 3 Grades of Mini-monovision	Somich, s.r.o.	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05417633
A Clinical Study to Evaluate the Potential Role of ACTH Gel in Patients With Scleritis	Metropolitan Eye Research & Surgery Institute|Mallinckrodt|Stanford University|Ocular Imaging Research and Reading Center|Foresight Studies, LLC	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT03465111
Zimbabwe Eyecare And Learning (ZEAL): Formative Research on Hyperopia and Educational Outcomes in Primary School Children	Queen's University, Belfast|L.V. Prasad Eye Institute|University of Zimbabwe|University of Ulster|New England College of Optometry|Peek Vision|Zimbabwe Optometric Association|Clearly|Christian Blind Mission	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05538182
Vision and Balance Changes After Bilateral Implantation of Toric IOLs	University of Plymouth|Carl Zeiss Meditec AG|Glasgow Caledonian University|University of St Mark and St John Plymouth|University Hospital Plymouth NHS Trust	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05629078
Multicenter Study on the Efficacy and Safety of OCS-01 in Subjects With Uveitis Related and Post Surgical Macular Edema	Quan Dong Nguyen|Global Ophthalmic Research Center (GORC)|Oculis|Stanford University	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05608837
Inflammatory Biomarkers in Ocular Surface in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension Under Topical Prostaglandins	Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiologia Aplicada (Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology) - IOBA|Hospital Clvinico Universitario de Valladolid	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05039684
Ranibizumab vs Bevacizumab for Type 1 Retinopathy of Prematurity	Zagazig University|Cairo University	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05033106
Dresden Corneal Disease and Treatment Study	Technische Universitut Dresden	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04251143
Reliability, Validity of the Turkish Version of the Primary Sjogren Syndrome Quality of Life (PSS-QoL) Questionnaire	Gazi University	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04858464
Mean Visual Acuity Changes Following Five Injections of Aflibercept	McMaster University	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02645266
Targeted Fluorescence Imaging in AMD	University Medical Center Groningen	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05262244
Treatment of Ligneous Conjunctivitis in Children With Plasminogen Deficiency	University of Saskatchewan|Canadian Blood Services	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05404932
Can the Risk for AMD be Modulated?	Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05735730
Study to Evaluate the Response to Supplementation With Postbiotics in Patients With Macular Degeneration	Institut de la Macula y la Retina|Igen BioLab SLU	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05056025
Development of a Tele-Physiotherapy Tool for the Early Management of Muskuloskeletal Pain in People With Visual Impairement (TeleEDxPhysio)	Escuela Universitaria de Fisioterapia de la Once|Universidad de Zaragoza	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05478200
Clinical Trial to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Cell Therapy in Patients With Cicatricial Conjuntivitis	Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de la Fundacion Jimenez Diaz|Effice Servicios Para la Investigacion S.L	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05520086
Advanced Glaucoma Progression Study	University of California, Los Angeles|National Eye Institute (NEI)	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01742819
Retrobulbar Methylprednisolone as Adjunctive Treatment in Optic Neuritis Trial	Asociacion para Evitar la Ceguera en Mexico	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04942002
Nystagmus Assessment for Patients Consulting in the Emergency Department for Acute Vertigo	CHU de Quebec-Universite Laval	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05176015
Effectiveness of Periocular Drug Injection in CATaract Surgery	Luigi Rondas|European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons|Academisch Ziekenhuis Maastricht	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05158699
Clinical Trial Comparing Two Non-Surgical Treatments for Severe Blepharoptosis	Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary|National Eye Institute (NEI)	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04678115
Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study II	MD Stem Cells	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT03011541
Effect of Intravenous Methylprednisolone and Intravenous Erythropoietin in Toxic Optic Neuropathies: Randomized Clinical Trial	Asociacion para Evitar la Ceguera en Mexico	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05748561
SPT Screening in Irradiated Hereditary Retinoblastoma Survivors	Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc|ODAS	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02329002
Community Access Through Remote Eyesight (CARE) Study	New England College of Optometry|National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research|University of California, Los Angeles	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04926974
Electro-acupuncture and Transcorneal Electrical Stimulation (TES) for Retinitis Pigmentosa	Nova Southeastern University|National Eye Institute (NEI)	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02086890
Evaluation of NeoRetina Artificial Intelligence Algorithm for the Screening of Diabetic Retinopathy at the CHUM	Centre hospitalier de l'Universitè de Montreal (CHUM)|DIAGNOS Inc.	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04699864
Clemastine Fumarate as Remyelinating Treatment in Internuclear Ophthalmoparesis and Multiple Sclerosis	Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05338450
The K-Map Study, Global Prevalence of KC	University Hospital, Geneva|ELZA Institute	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT03115710
Methotrexate For The Prevention and Treatment of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy in Pediatric Patients	Stanford University	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04830878
A Collaborative Resource of Heidelberg Multimodal Imaging of Intermediate and Early Atrophic AMD Cases to Study Prediction of Disease Progression	Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image|European Vision Institute Clinical Research Network	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05698316
Clinical Trial of Multi-Periscopic Prism Glasses for Hemianopia	Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary|National Eye Institute (NEI)	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04827147
Feasibility Tests for Various Prism Configurations for Visual Field Loss	Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary|National Eye Institute (NEI)	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04424979
Quality Assurance Via Telephone Interviews After Cataract Surgery	Vienna Institute for Research in Ocular Surgery	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05215002
0.01% Hypochlorous Acid in the Treatment of Blepharitis	Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University|ShuGuang Hospital	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05608980
Birdshot Chorioretinopathy: Prospective Follow-up and Immunogenetic Studies(CO-BIRD)	Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05153057
Characterization of Retinal Disease Progression in Eyes With Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Diabetes Type 2 Using Non-invasive Procedures (CHART)	Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image|European Vision Institute Clinical Research Network	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04636307
Swiss Pediatric Inflammatory Brain Disease Registry (Swiss-Ped-IBrainD)	University of Bern|Schweizerische Multiple Sklerose Gesellschaft|University Hospital Inselspital, Berne|Roche Pharma (Switzerland) Ltd|Novartis	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05017142
Topotecan Episcleral Plaque for Treatment of Retinoblastoma	Targeted Therapy Technologies, LLC	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04156347
Comparison of Phacoemulsification and Corneal Damage Between FLACS and Standard Phaco With Two Handpieces	Centre hospitalier de l'Universitè de Montreal (CHUM)	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05119270
Computer-based Tutorial and Automated Speech Recognition for Intravitreal Drug Injections	Prim. Prof. Dr. Oliver Findl, MBA|Vienna Institute for Research in Ocular Surgery	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04142164
OCS-05 in Patients With Acute Optic Neuritis	Oculis|Neurotrials	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04762017
PROgressive Supranuclear Palsy CorTico-Basal Syndrome Multiple System Atrophy Longitudinal Study UK	University College, London|University of Cambridge|University of Oxford|University of Manchester|Newcastle University|University of Sussex|Royal Gwent Hospital	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02778607
Therapeutic Recommendations For The Treatment Of Children With A Retinoblastoma	French Africa Pediatric Oncology Group	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04425434
Temperature on Evaporative Dry Eye	He Eye Hospital	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05720754
Prevalence of Visual Dysfunction in Neurological Disorders	University of Florida	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04836715
Intravitreal Infliximab for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy	Cairo University	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04891991
A Patch Free Treatment for Young Children With Amblyopia	University of Waterloo|Retina Foundation of the Southwest|McGill University|Queensland University of Technology	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04086524
Effectiveness of the Serious Game 'Broodles' for Siblings of Children With Visual Impairment and/or Intellectual Disability	VU University of Amsterdam	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05376007
Screening for Oculocerebral Lymphoma With the Phenotype of NK Cells in Patients With Uveitis	Hospices Civils de Lyon	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05388838
10-year Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy: Identification of Signs and Surrogate Outcomes	Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04650165
Management of DE With IPL in Combination With DQS	He Eye Hospital	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05694026
Endophthalmitis Post Intravitreal Injections	Rajeev Muni|Unity Health Toronto	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04035369
Discovering Early Biomarkers in Circulating Endothelial Cells for Diabetes Complications by Single Cell RNA Sequencing	Aarhus University Hospital|University of Aarhus	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05169502
Diabetic Retinopathy Classification: ETDRS 7-fields vs Widefield Imaging (ClarusDR)	Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05746975
Evaluation of Desensitization Therapy and Re-treatment of Eye Movement Information [EMDR] in Patients With Post-traumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD]	Centre hospitalier de Ville-Evrard, France	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04431765
Prediction of Progression of Retinal Ischemia in Diabetes	Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05581225
Personalized Parkinson Project PSP Cohort	Radboud University Medical Center|UCB Pharma|Verily Life Sciences LLC	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05501431
Enriched Eggs for Retina Health in Type 2 Diabetes	University of Manitoba|Egg Farmers of Canada	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04496817
Pneumatic Retinopexy Versus Vitrectomy for Retinal Detachment in Patients With Extended Criteria	Unity Health Toronto	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02871531
Adherence to Lifestyle Changes for Age-related Macular Degeneration	Erasmus Medical Center|CORR foundation	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05667441
Timing of Glaucoma Drainage Device With Boston Keratoprosthesis	Centre hospitalier de l'Universitè de Montreal (CHUM)	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02084745
Patient Satisfaction and Visual Function Following Implantation of Trifocals or Extended Range of Vision Intraocular Lenses	Queen's University|University of Toronto	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04900662
A Computerized, Adaptive Therapeutic Gaming Approach Training Visual Perceptual Skills in Children With CVI	Universitaire Ziekenhuizen KU Leuven|Vrije Universiteit Brussel|Fund for Scientific Research, Flanders, Belgium	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05014503
Re-Orchestration of Interregional Oscillatory Activity to Promote Visual Recovery	Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05220449
Effect of Type of Head Positioning on Retinal Displacement in Vitrectomy for Retinal Detachment	Unity Health Toronto	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04035343
Macular Perfusion Changes After Anti-VEGF Versus Targeted Retinal Photocoagulation in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy	Cairo University	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04674254
Metabo-lipidomics of the Ocular Surface for Cataract Surgery	University Hospital, Tours	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05802550
Macular Involvement in Diabetic Retinopathy Evaluated With Swept-Source OCT	University of British Columbia	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT03765112
EyeConic: Qualification for Cone-Optogenetics	University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland|Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05294978
Suprachoroidal Visco-buckling for the Treatment of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment	King's College Hospital NHS Trust|Norfolk and Norwich University Trust Foundation|St Thomas' Hospital, London|University of Sunderland|Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust|Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust|Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04557527
S.T.O.P. Technology Contact Lenses Versus Dual-focus Contact Lenses for Slowing Down Myopia Progression in Children	nthalmic Pty Ltd|Brighten Optix Corporation	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT05243836
PMCF Study on EDOF (Isopure) vs Monofocal (Micropure) IOL	Beaver-Visitec International, Inc.|targomedGmbH	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04249492
ARTFL LEFFTDS Longitudinal Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (ALLFTD)	Mayo Clinic|University of California, San Francisco|National Institute on Aging (NIA)|National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04363684
Systematic Assessment of Laryngopharyngeal Function in Patients With MSA, PD, and 4 repeat Tauopathies	Kliniken Beelitz GmbH|University Hospital Muenster|Medical University of Warsaw|University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus|University of Ulm|Medical University Innsbruck|Hannover Medical School|University of Barcelona	https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04706234

Table 2 Secretome and extracellular vesicle features

Type	Dimension	Origin	Collection	Content
Medium-size EVs (microvesicles)	200-1000 nm	Plasma membrane shedding	Filtration, ultracentrifugation, chromatography, precipitation, immunoaffinity	Similar to exosomes + cytosolic/plasma membrane/post-translational modified proteins
Small-size EVs (exosomes)	Up to 200 nm	Multivesicular bodies pathway	Filtration, ultracentrifugation, chromatography, precipitation, immunoaffinity	Receptors, transcription factors, enzymes, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (DNA, mRNA and miRNA)
Soluble factors	Up to 5 nm	Protein synthesis	Protein extraction methods	Proteins, growth factors, chemokines, cytokines, enzymes
Secretome	From protein size to 1000 nm	Cell secretion/shedding	Cell culture media (concentration is possible)	The combination of the other components

EV: Extracellular vesicle; miRNA: MicroRNA.

Table 3 Key molecules of the mesenchymal secretome derived from different cell types in the treatment and regeneration of retinal cells

MSC	MSC secretome	Müller glia cell secretome	RPE cell secretome	Other retinal cell secretome
IFN-γ[8]	IFN-γ[8]	TSP-1[131]	VEGF[68]	TSP-1[131]
VEGF[10]	VEGF[10]	PEDF[70]	TGF-β[69]	PEDF[70]
PIGF[81]	PIGF[81]	IL-1b[11]	PEDF[70]	IL-1b[11]
SDF-1[10]	SDF-1[10]	IL-1R[143]	MMPs[71]	IL-1R[143]
ANG2[10]	ANG2[10]	TNF-α[11]	NGF[72]	IL-6[11]
G-CSF[10]	G-CSF[10]	IL-4[134]	FGF-1[73]	TNF-α[11]
SCF[10]	SCF[10]	IL-6[134]	FGF-2[73]	IL-4[134]
PDGF[10]	PDGF[10]	IL-10[134]	FGF-5[73]	IL-10[134]
EGF[10]	EGF[10]	VEGF[10]	IGF-1[74]	VEGF[10]
HGF[10]	HGF[10]	IFN-γ[8]	BDNF[75]	IFN-γ[8]
IGF-1[10]	IGF-1[10]	TGF-β1[34]	PDGF[76]	TGF-β1[34]
TNF-α[11]	TNF-α[11]	TGF-β2[34]	CTGF[77]	TGF-β2[34]
IL-1b[11]	IL-1b[11]	TGF-β3[34]	LEDGF[78]	TGF-β3[34]
IL-2[11]	IL-2[11]	MMPs[71]	IL-1b[79]	MMPs[71]
IL-3[11]	IL-3[11]	CLU[121]	IL-2[79]	CLU[121]
IL-6[11]	IL-6[11]	SPP1[142]	IL-3[79]	SPP1[142]
IL-8[11]	IL-8[11]	BSG[142]	IL-6[79]	BSG[142]
CCL5[11]	CCL511	AQP4[143]	IL-8[79]	AQP4[143]
CCL2[11]	CCL2[11]	RLBP1[143]	TIMP[80]	RLBP1[143]
	TGF-β[18]	SLC1A3[143]	PIGF[81]	SLC1A3[143]
	FGF[18]	KCNJ1[143]	ANGIOGENIN[82]	KCNJ1[143]
	NGF-β[18]	KCNJ10[143]	EPO[83]	KCNJ10[143]
	CXCL12[19]	ANG2[143]	SOMATOSTATIN[84]	ANG2[143]
	miR-210[44]	ENDOGLIN[143]	APOA1[85]	ENDOGLIN[143]
	miR-200b-3p[44]	CXCL8[39]	APOE[116]	CXCL8[143]
	miR146a[46]	PDGF[10]	TGF-β[69]	PDGF[76]
	miR27a/b[46]	VAMP5[144]	BMP1[116]	VAMP5[144]
	miR-122-5p[46]		HTRA1[129]	TGF-β[69]
	miR-206[46]			NGF[72]
	MALAT[46] (lncRNA)			FGF-1[73]
				FGF-2[73]
				FGF-5[73]
				IGF-1[74]
				BDNF[75]
				PDGF[76]
				CTGF[77]
				LEDGF[78]
				IL-2[79]
				IL-3[79]
				IL-8[79]
				TIMP[80]
				PIGF[81]
				ANGIOGENIN[82]
				EPO[83]
				SOMATOSTATIN[84]
				APOA1[85]
				APOE[116]
				BMP1[116]
				HTRA1[129]

MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; RPE: Retinal pigment epithelium; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; NGF: Nerve growth factor.