Epigenetic regulation of autophagy: A key modification in cancer cells and cancer stem cells

Table 1 DNA methylation or histone modification modulates important autophagy-related genes in cancer stem cells and cancer cells

Epigenetic	Type of epigenetic modification	Cancer model	Genes	Autophagy modulation	Ref.
DNA methylation	Hypermethylation	Breast cancer	ATG2B, ATG4D, ATG9A, ATG9B, Beclin-1, ARHI	Repressed	Li et al[120], Zhang et al[121] and Yu et al[203]
	Hypermethylation	Colorectal cancer	BTG1, PCDH17, BTG1, BTG3, MAP1LC3Av1	Repressed	Muhammad et al[124], Zhao et al[204], Hu et al[205] and Gou et al[206]
	Hypermethylation	Glioma and Glioblastoma	Ulk2, ANKDD1A	Repressed	Shukla et al[122] and Feng et al[207]
	Hypomethylation	Glioblastoma	ELFN2	Activated	Liu et al[115]
	Hypermethylation	Hepatocellular carcinoma	BCLB	Repressed	Liu et al[208]
	Hypermethylation	Liver cancer	PP2A	Activated	Shin et al[129]
	Hypermethylation	Lung cancer	TCF21, TUSC3	Repressed	Chen et al[123] and Peng et al[209]
	Hypomethylation	Lung cancer	LC3A	Activated	Nihira et al[116]
	Hypermethylation	Medulloblastoma	ATG16L1	Repressed	Cruzeiro et al[210]
	Hypermethylation	Melanoma	ATG5	Repressed	Liu et al[130]
	Hypermethylation	Ovarian cancer	ARHI	Repressed	Yu et al[203]
	Hypomethylation	Ovarian cancer	ATG4A	Activated	Liao et al[113]
Histone modification	Histone methylation or acetylation	Breast cancer	EHMT2, Beclin-1	Repressed	Park et al[165] and Sun et al[211]
	Histone methylation	Bladder cancer	SMYD3	Activated	Shen et al[212]
	Histone acetylation	Colorectal cancer	FOXO1	Activated	Zhao et al[213]
	Histone demethylation	Gastric cancer	KDM2B	Repressed	Zhao et al[214]
	Histone demethylation or deacetylation	Glioma	KDM4A, SIRT3	Repressed	Wang et al[215] and Qiao et al[216]
	Histone deacetylation	Hepatocellular carcinoma	HDAC6	Activated	Jung et al[141]
	Histone deacetylation	Neuroblastoma	HDAC10	Activated	Oehme et al[135]
	Histone methylation	Neuroblastoma	G9a	Repressed	Ke et al[217]
	Histone deacetylation	Prostate cancer	SIRT1	Activated	Powell et al[218]
	Histone deacetylation	Salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma	HDAC7	Activated	Ahn and Yoon[139]