Application of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medicine

Table 1 Comparison between primary mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells

Comparison	Primary MSCs	hPSC-MSCs	Ref.
Cell number	Limited	Unlimited	[17,36]
Proliferation	Slower	Faster	[36,39,42,43,48,57]
Life span	Shorter	Longer	[17]
Variation	Higher	Lower	[119]
Differentiation potential	Higher	Lower, esp. adipogenesis	[31,43,47,48]
Immunosuppression	Higher	Lower	[38,46]
Pluripotent genes	Lower	Higher	[45]
Mesenchymal genes	Higher	Lower	[45]
VCAM1	Higher	Lower	[44]
HLA-II	Higher	Lower	[46]

MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; hPSC-MSCs: Human pluripotent stem cells derived MSCs; VCAM1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; HLA-II: Human leukocyte antigen gene complex class II.

Table 2 Mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells

hPSC-MSCs	Disease model or application	Animal model or human	Therapeutic effects	Ref.
iPSC-MSCs	CKD	Rat	Protect the kidney against CKD injury	[85]
iPSC-MSCs	Adriamycin nephropathy	Mouse	Prevent adriamycin nephropathy	[82]
iPSC-MSCs	Obesity-associated Kidney injury	Mouse	Ameliorate endoplasmic reticulum stress	[83]
hPSC-MSCs	UUO	Mouse	Protect against kidney fibrosis in vivo and in vitro	[84]
hESC-MSCs	LN	Mouse	Prevent the progression of LN	[81]
iPSC-MSCs	TNBC	Mouse	Significantly decrease the incidence and burdon of metastases	[117]
iPSC-MSCs	Breast cancer	Mouse	Decrease EMT, invasion, stemness, and growth of cancer cells	[119]
iPSC-MSCs	Skin wounds, pressure ulcers, and osteoarthritis	Mouse	Have therapeutic potential in skin wounds, pressure ulcers, and osteoarthritis	[127]
hESC-MSCs	Arthritis	Mouse	Ameliorate collagen-induced arthritis by inducing IDO1	[72]
iPSC-MSCs	Osteonecrosis of the femoral head	Rat	Prevent osteonecrosis of the femoral head	[64]
iPSC-MSCs	Vascularized composite allotransplantation	Rat	Induce T cell hyporesponsiveness to prolong hind limb survival	[106]
iPSC-MSCs	Limb ischemia	Mouse	Exosomes of iPSC-MSCs attenuate limb ischemia by promoting angiogenesis	[121]
iPSC-MSCs	Limb ischemia	Mouse	Insensitivity of iPSC-MSCs to interferon γ potentiates repair efficiency of hind limb ischemia	[46]
iPSC-MSCs	Limb ischemia	Mouse	Attenuate limb ischemia	[35]
iPSC-MSCs	Periodontal defects	Rat	Aid periodontal regeneration	[68]
iPSC-MSCs	Bone defects	Mouse	Regenerate non-union bone defects more efficiently than BM-MSCs upon BMP6 overexpression	[33]
iPSC-MSCs	Calvaria defects	Mouse	Repair calvaria defects	[28]
iPSC-MSCs	Osteochondral defects	Rat	iPSC-MSCs are able to repair cartilage defects	[17]
iPSC-MSCs	FOP		FOP-iPSC-MSCs enhance chondrogenesis via activin A enhanced mTOR signalling	[53,54]
hESC-MSCs	Lupus and uveitis	Mouse	Increase survival of lupus-prone mice and decrease symptoms of uveitis	[40]
hESC-MSCs	EAE model of multiple sclerosis	Mouse	Improve EAE symptoms	[101]
hESC-MSCs	EAE	Monkey	Attenuate disease progression in a primate EAE model	[41]
hESC-MSCs	EAU	Mouse	Slow down the development of EAU	[103]
iPSC-MSCs	Inflammatory bowel disease models	Mouse	Promote intestinal repair via TSG-6	[111]
hESC-MSCs	Experimental inflammatory bowel disease	Mouse	Protect against experimental inflammatory bowel disease	[107]
iPSC-MSCs	SS	Mouse	Prevent the progression of SS	[112]
iPSC-MSCs	Allergic rhinitis		Modulate T-cell phenotypes towards Th2 suppression through inducing Treg expansion	[108]
iPSC-MSCs	Asthma Inflammation	Mouse	Alleviate asthma inflammation by CX43-mediated mitochondrial transfer	[110]
iPSC-MSCs	Corneal injury	Mouse	Exert therapeutic effects in the cornea by reducing inflammation	[99]
iPSC-MSCs	Skin wound	Rat	iPSC-MSC-Exos improve cutaneous wound healing by promoting collagen synthesis and angiogenesis.	[120]
iPSC-MSCs	SR-aGvHD	Human	iPSC-MSCs are safe and well tolerated	[114]

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; UUO: Unilateral ureteral obstruction; LN: Lupus nephritis; TNBC: Triple-negative breast cancer; EMT: Epithelial–mesenchymal transition; IDO1: Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1; FOP: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; EAE: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; EAU: Experimental autoimmune uveitis; TSG-6: TNFα-stimulated gene-6; SS: Sjogren’s syndrome; CX43: Connexin 43; Exos: Exosomes; SR-aGvHD: Acute steroid-resistant graft versus host disease.