Photodynamic therapy regulates fate of cancer stem cells through reactive oxygen species

Table 1 Subcellular localization of photosensitizers in different cancer stem cells

Photosensitizer	Location	Cancer (parental cell lines)	Ref.
5-aminolevulinic acid	Mitochondria	Breast cancer; T-cell leukemia	Song et al[89] Yang et al[90]
Protoporphyrin IX	Mitochondria	Colorectal cancer (HT29); liver cancer (Hep3B)	Taba et al[91]
Porphyrin-based photosensitizer meso-5-[ρ-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid- aminophenyl]-10,15,20-triphenyl-porphyrin	Lysosome	Gastric cancer (HGC27, SNU-1)	Chen et al[92]
Porphyrin-based amphiphilic block copolymer (PEG-b-PCL-a-porphyrin)	Nucleus; lysosome	Lung cancer (A549)	Tian et al[83]
Tetrahydroporphyrin-tetratosylat	Lysosome	Human bronchial smooth muscle cells (HBSMCs)	Berndt-Paetz et al[85]
Meso-5-[ρ-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid- aminophenyl]-10,15,20-triphenyl-porphyrin	Lysosome	Gastric cancer (HGC27, SNU-1)	Chen et al[92]
{Carboxymethyl-[2-(carboxymethyl-{[4-(10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin-5-yl)-phenylcarbamoyl]-methyl}-amino)-ethyl]-amino}-acetic acid	Lysosome	Liver cancer (HepG2); gastric cancer (BGC-823)	Chen et al[88]
Sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS-2)	Endoplasmic reticulum	Cholangiocarcinoma (CX-1)	Kong et al[12]
Chlorin e6	Mitochondria; cytoskeleton; lysosome; endoplasmic reticulum	Gliosarcoma (9L/LacZ); colorectal cancer (SW620)	de Almeida et al[93] Yang et al[80]
Meta-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin	Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum	Colorectal cancer (SW620)	Abdulrehman et al[81]
β-CD through an amide bond	Mitochondria	Breast cancer (MCF-7)	Tong et al[94]
Palmatine hydrochloride	Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum	Breast cancer (MCF-7); colorectal cancer (HT29)	Wu et al[77] Wu et al[78]
Ce6-loaded branched polyethylenimine-PEGylated ceria nanoparticles	Lysosome; large vesicle	Cervical cancer (Hela)	Yang et al[86]
Mannose-conjugated chlorin	Lysosome; endoplasmic reticulum	Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM)	Hayashi et al[82]
Glucose-conjugated chlorin compound e6	Endoplasmic reticulum	Esophageal cancer (OE21,KYSE30); gastric cancer(MKN45); colorectal cancer (HT29)	Ichikawa et al[79]
(G-Mito-Pc) silicon (II) phthalocyanine (Pc)	Mitochondria	Cervical cancer (Hela)	Zhao et al[95]
Zinc (II) phthalocyanine	Mitochondria; lysosome	Liver cancer (HepG2)	Chen et al[96]
Chloroaluminum phthalocyanine	Mitochondria	Prostate cancer (LNCaP)	Leandro et al[97]
Pheophorbide a	Mitochondria	Cervical cancer (Hela)	Choi et al[98]
Silicon (IV) phthalocyanines	Mitochondria	Liver cancer (HepG2); gastric cancer (BGC-823)	Zheng et al[99]
Tamoxifen-zinc (II) phthalocyanine	Lysosome	Breast cancer (MCF-7)	Zhang et al[84]
Cyanines (AlPc and Pc green)	Lysosome	Gastric cancer (EPG85-257P)	Zielichowska et al[87]
Cyanine-derivative photosensitizer	Mitochondria	Breast cancer (MCF-7)	Zhao et al[69]
Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes	Mitochondria; lysosome	Lung cancer (A549)	Qiu et al[100]
Ethyl acetate extract of cichorium	Mitochondria	Colorectal cancer (SW620, HCT116)	Wen et al[68]
Hypocrellin A	Mitochondria	Lung cancer (A549)	Qi et al[101]
Cyanopyridinium salts	Mitochondria	Cervical cancer (Hela)	Zhao et al[69]
Rhodamine organic dye	Mitochondria	Breast cancer (MCF-7)	Liu et al[70]
Cis-[Pt(NH)(L)Cl](NO) (1-3) having boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) pendants (L) with 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-8-(4-pyridyl)-4,4'-difluoroboradiazaindacene moieties	Mitochondria	Lung cancer (A549); breast cancer (MCF-7)	Raza et al[72]
Hypericin	Mitochondria	Adenoidal thyroid cancer (FRO)	Kim et al[102]
Platinum(II) complexes [Pt(L)(R-BODIPY)]Cl	Mitochondria	Lung cancer (A549); breast cancer (MCF-7); cervical cancer (Hela)	Ramu et al[103]
Cis-[Pt(NH)(L)Cl](NO), where L is an imidazole base conjugated to 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY)	Mitochondria	Breast cancer (MCF-7)	Raza et al[72]
Triphenylphosphonium	Mitochondria	Lung cancer (A549)	Rui et al[74]
Triphenylphosphonium	Mitochondria	Cervical cancer (Hela)	Choi et al[98]
Methyl-functionalized derivatives of the drug carrier triphenylphosphonium	Mitochondria	Cervical cancer (Hela); gastric cancer (FU97)	Hu et al[75]
Hypocrellin B	Mitochondria	Breast cancer (MDA-MB-231)	Jia et al[76]
Aloe-emodin	Mitochondria; endoplasmic reticulum	Osteosarcoma (MG63)	Li et al[104]
BODIPY-Appended 2-(2-Pyridyl) benzimidazole Platinum (II) Catecholates	Mitochondria	Keratinocytes (Hacat)	Mitra et al[105]
Acetylatedglucose-conjugated chlorin	Endoplasmic ruticulum	Esophageal cancer (OE21, KYSE30); gastric cancer (MKN45);	Ichikawa et al[79]