Using transcription factors for direct reprogramming of neurons in vitro

Table 1 Summary of in vitro neuronal reprogramming studies discussed in this review with details of transcription factors used and neuronal characteristics

Species	Cell of origin	Target cell	Transcription factor(s)	Neuronal characteristic	Year and ref.
Mouse	Embryonic fibroblasts	iN	Ascl1	Neuronal morphology Neuronal markers Functional electrophysiology	2014[12]
Human	Fetal fibroblasts	iN	ASCL1	Neuronal morphology Neuronal markers	2014[12]
Human	Fibroblasts	iN	ASCL1, SOX2 and NGN2	Neuronal morphology Neuronal markers Neuronal gene expression profile Functional electrophysiology	2015[14]
Mouse	Embryonic fibroblasts	iN	Ascl1	Simple neuronal morphology Neuronal markers	2010[25]
Mouse	Embryonic fibroblasts	iN (mostly GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons)	Brn2, Myt1l, Zic1, Olig2, and Ascl1	Neuronal morphology Neuronal markers Functional electrophysiology Synaptic maturation	2010[25]
Mouse	Embryonic fibroblasts	iN (mostly excitatory neurons)	Brn2, Myt1l, and Ascl1	Neuronal morphology Neuronal markers Functional electrophysiology Synaptic maturation	2010[25]
Mouse	Adult tail tip fibroblasts	iN (mostly excitatory neurons)	Brn2, Myt1l, and Ascl1	Neuronal morphology Neuronal markers Functional electrophysiology Synaptic maturation	2010[25]
Human	Fibroblasts	iN (mostly dopaminergic neurons)	BRN2, MYT1, ASCL1, LMX1A and FOXA4	Neuronal markers Functional electrophysiology	2011[26]
Mouse	Embryonic fibroblasts	iN (mostly dopaminergic neurons)	Mash1, Nurr1 and Lmx1a	Neuronal markers Neuronal gene expression profile Neuronal epigenetic reactivation Functional electrophysiology	2011[33]
Human	Adult Fibroblasts	iN (mostly dopaminergic neurons)	MASH1, NURR1 and LMX1A	Neuronal morphology Neuronal markers Neuronal gene expression profile Functional electrophysiology	2011[33]
Human	Fibroblasts	iN (mostly dopaminergic neurons)	ASCL1, NGN2, SOX2, NURR1 and PITX3	Neuronal morphology Neuronal markers Neuronal gene expression profile Functional electrophysiology	2012[35]
Mouse	Embryonic fibroblasts	Induced sensory neurons	Brn3a and Ngn1 or Ngn2	Neuronal gene expression profile Functional electrophysiology Synaptic maturation	2015[38]
Human	Adult fibroblasts	Induced sensory neurons	BRN3A and NGN1 or NGN2	Neuronal morphology Neuronal markers Neuronal morphology Neuronal markers Functional electrophysiology	2015[38]
Mouse	Embryonic fibroblasts	Induced nociceptors	Ascl1, Myt1l, Ngn1, Isl2, and Klf7	Neuronal morphology Neuronal markers Neuronal gene expression profile Functional electrophysiology Synaptic maturation	2014[43]
Human	Fibroblasts	Induced nociceptors	ASCL1, MYT1L, NGN1, ISL2 and KLF7	Neuronal markers Functional electrophysiology	2014[43]
Human	Iris cells	Photoreceptor- like cells	Crx, Rx and Neurod1	Neuronal morphology Neuronal markers Neuronal gene expression profile Functional light electrophysiology	2012[47]
Human	Dermal fibroblasts	Photoreceptor- like cells	CRX, RAX, NEUROD1 and OTX2	Neuronal markers Neuronal gene expression profile Functional light electrophysiology	2014[48]
Mouse	Müller glia	iN (mostly retinal glia- like neurons)	Ngn2	Neuronal morphology Neuronal markers Functional electrophysiology Neuronal gene expression profile	2018[56]
Mouse	Müller glia	iN (mostly retinal neurons)	Ascl1	Neuronal morphology Neuronal markers Functional electrophysiology Neuronal gene expression profile	2018[56]
Mouse	Cerebellum Astroglia	iN (mostly glutamatergic neurons)	Ngn2	Neuronal morphology Neuronal markers Synaptic maturation Functional electrophysiology	2017[57]
Mouse	Cerebellum Astroglia	iN (mostly glutamatergic neurons)	Ascl1	Neuronal morphology Neuronal markers Synaptic maturation Functional electrophysiology	2017[57]

iN: Induced neurons.