Copyright
©The Author(s) 2019.
World J Stem Cells. Jun 26, 2019; 11(6): 297-321
Published online Jun 26, 2019. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.297
Published online Jun 26, 2019. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.297
Low-energy shock wave therapy | Conditions | Biological effects | References number |
In vivo studies | Wound-healing disturbances, tendinopathies, and non-healing bone fractures | Activation of angiogenic pathways with local release of trophic mediators | [72-77] |
Myocardial infarction in animal models | Improvement of vascularization at the infarction border zone; Mobilization of endogenous progenitor cells from bone marrow into the systemic circulation and to the damaged myocardium; Increase in VEGF gene and protein expression with endothelial cell proliferation | [82-88] | |
Human severe coronary artery disease or severe angina | Improvement of myocardial ischemia and chest pain | [89-90] | |
Human acute myocardial infarction | Suppression of left ventricular remodeling and enhancement of myocardial function | [91] | |
Spinal cord injury in rats | Induction of endogenous neural stem cells and functional improvement | [96] | |
Diabetic bladder dysfunction in rat model | Improvement of voiding function; Enhancement of innervation and vascularization | [97] | |
In vitro studies | Adipose- and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells | Induction of osteogenic differentiation | [92-94] |
Murine adipose derived stem cells | Stem cell proliferation and migration in an Erk1/2-dependent fashion | [81,95] |
Electromagnetic fields | Conditions | Biological effects | References number |
Extremely low-frequency pulsed magnetic fields | Adult ventricular cardiomyocytes | Induction of the expression of endorphin genes and peptides; Control of intracellular calcium and pH homeostasis; Regulation of myocardial growth; Orchestration of stem cell cardiogenesis | [101-109] |
Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells | Induction of cardiogenesis, cardiac gene and protein expression, ensuing into a high-throughput of spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes | [110] | |
Radioelectric field of 2.4 GHz (REAC) | Mouse ES cells, hADSCs and human skin fibroblasts | Optimization in the expression of pluripotency/multipotency; Increase in commitment along myocardial, skeletal muscle, and neuronal fates, with a biphasic effect on the transcription of stemness genes | [111-117] |
hADSCs | Reduction of senescence-associated β-galactosidase expression; Overexpression of the TERT gene associated with an increase in telomerase activity; Overexpression of the BMI1 gene; REAC effects counteracted by chemical inhibition of type-2 hyaluronan synthase | [118-120] | |
PC12 cells, a rat cell line of pheochromocytoma | Induction of the neurological and morphofunctional differentiation; Up-regulation of neurogenic genes; Decrease in PC12 cells | [132] |
Photobiomodulation | Conditions | Biological effects | References number |
LLLT | Tumor transplantation in rats | Failure to affect the implanted tumor; Stimulation of hair regrowth and wound healing | [135-138] |
Cell-generated electromagnetic (light) signals | Baby hamster kidney cells on thin glass film | Cell migration and orientation afforded by endogenous generation and processing of signals carried out by electromagnetic radiation (light) | [139] |
Near-infrared light scattering | Cell culture | Near-infrared light scattering by cells mediates long-range attraction between them and aggregation within the culture system | [140] |
PBM with blue (420 nm) or green (540 nm) light | hADSCs | Promotion of osteoblastic differentiation; Overexpression of a gene program of osteogenesis; Increase of intracellular calcium mediated by the activation of light-gated calcium ion channels | [141, 142] |
PBM with red (660 nm) or near-infrared (810 nm) light | hADSCs | Induction of cell proliferation; Maintenance of low ROS level | [151] |
PBM with blue (415 nm) or green (540 nm) light | hADSCs | Inhibition of cell proliferation; Increase of low ROS level; Lowering of mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular pH | [151] |
Various forms of PBM | Acute stroke in animal models | Improvement of the outcome of acute stroke | [152-157] |
PBM with 810 nm laser light | Human moderate-to-severe stroke associated with neurological defects | Long-lasting neurological improvement | [158-160] |
Near-infrared light scattering (665 nm and 810 nm) | Traumatic brain injury in animal models | Rescue of neurological performance and reduction of the size of brain lesions; Increase of neuroprogenitor cells in mouse dentate gyrus and subventricular zone; Increase of learning memory; Improvement of mitochondrial function | [161-168] |
Near-infrared light scattering (665 nm and 810 nm) | Human traumatic brain injury | Improvement of both language and cognitive performance, as well as brain tissue recovery | [169-171] |
PBM with near-infrared (810 nm) light | Alzheimer’s disease in animal models | Reduction of amyloid beta plaques; Decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines; Increase in mitochondrial function, and ATP levels | [172] |
PBM with near-infrared (810 nm) light | Human Alzheimer’s disease | Improvement in Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive assessment; Enhancement of cerebral microcirculation | [173-174] |
PBM with near-infrared (810 nm) light | Parkinson’s disease in animal models | Increase in the number of dopaminergic neurons | [175-176] |
PBM with near-infrared (810 nm) light | Human Parkinson’s disease | Improvement of the investigated indicators of balance, including gait, cognitive function, and speech | [177] |
LLLT | Acute Myocardial infarction in the pig | Reduction of scarring; Improvement of heart function; Stem cell mobilization and recruitment to the ischemic heart | [178] |
- Citation: Facchin F, Canaider S, Tassinari R, Zannini C, Bianconi E, Taglioli V, Olivi E, Cavallini C, Tausel M, Ventura C. Physical energies to the rescue of damaged tissues. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11(6): 297-321
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-0210/full/v11/i6/297.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v11.i6.297