Current methods for the maturation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes

Table 1 Properties of adult cardiomyocytes vs currently generated Cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells

Properties	Adult cardiomyocytes	hiPSC-CMs
Gene expression	Higher: MYH7, N2B, cTnI, SERCA2, ITPR3, CAV3, RYR2, CASQ2, COX6A2, S100A1, SCN5A, MYOM2/3 Lower: MYH6, N2A	Higher: MYH6, N2A Lower: MYH7, N2B, cTnI, SERCA2, ITPR3, CAV3, RYR2, CASQ2, COX6A2, S100A1, SCN5A, MYOM2/3
Structure	Elongated, high length to width ratio	Round, low length to width ratio
Sarcomere	Longer, organized	Shorter, unorganized
Types of nuclei	Some bi-nucleated	Mainly mono-nucleated
Banding	I-, H-, A-, M- and Z-discs	Z-discs and I-bands
T-tubules	Yes	No
Metabolism	Fatty acids, energy production through OXPHOS	Glucose, lactate, and fatty acids if present
Contractility	No spontaneous beating. Higher force, upstroke and conduction velocities	High spontaneous beating. Lower force, upstroke and conduction velocities

hiPSC-CMs: Cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells.