Pancreatic cancer stem cells: Perspectives on potential therapeutic approaches of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Table 1 Non-cancer related drugs and their potential effects on pancreatic cancer stem cells

Drug	Function	Relative pathway/process	Ref.
Salinomycin Azithromycin Nigericin Tigecycline	Anti-bacterial antibiotic	Wnt, EMT Mitochondria EMT OXPHOS	[33]
			[35]
			[38]
			[29]
Chloroquine Atovaquone	Anti-malaria	OXPHOS OXPHOS	[39]
			[36,40]
Aprepitant	Anti-emetic	Wnt	[41]
Ketamine	Anti-depressant	Wnt	[42,43]
Aspirin	Anti-pyretic Anti-inflammatory	ALDH1, NF-κB	[44,45]
Metformin	Anti-diabetic	mTOR, PI3K/Akt	[46-48]
Disulfiram	Anti-alcoholism	NF-κB	[49-53]
Atorvastatin	Anti-cholesterol	Mevalonate	[7,54]

Wnt: Wingless-type MMTV integration site family; EMT: Epithelial mesenchymal transition; OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation; ALDH1: Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt: Protein kinase B.

Table 2 Deregulated pathways and proteins to target pancreatic cancer stem cells

Deregulated pathways	Compound or strategy	Ref.
Hedgehog	Crocetinic acid	[55]
	Sanguinarine	[56]
	GANT61	[57]
Notch	RO4929097, shRNA	[58]
	Quinomycin A	[59,97,98]
mTOR	Rapamycin	[60]
	AZD8055	[61]
Deregulated proteins	Compound or strategy
FASN	Cerulenin	[7]
AnxA1	siRNA	[64]
MARCKS	MANS peptide	[66]
Galectin-3	Polysaccharide RN1	[70]
PKM2	Lapachol	[72]
	Diallyl disulphide	[73]
ERRγ	GSK5182	[82,83]

shRNA: Short hairpin RNA; siRNA: Small interfering RNA; FASN: Fatty acid synthase; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; AnxA1: Annexin A1; MARCKS: Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate; PKM2: Pyruvate kinase isozyme M2.