Stem cells sources for intervertebral disc regeneration

Figure 1 Major sources for harvesting stem cells used for disc regeneration.

Figure 2 Flow chart summarizing the main steps of disc regeneration stem cell-based therapy. Stem cells can be either directly isolated and expanded, or combined with biocompatible carriers (e.g., hydrogels) or transfected with target genes, then injected into the nucleus pulposus of the injured intervertebral disc, potentially leading to disc regeneration.