Mesenchymal stem cells with a pericyte-like phenotype for tissue engineering

Figure 1 Strategy for isolation of pericyte-like mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and peripheral blood. The workflow for pericyte-like mesenchymal stem cell isolation and validation is shown. HSCs: Hematopoietic stem cells.

Figure 2 Multifunctionality of pericyte-like mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine. This core schematic compares functional properties of CD146+ pericytes, CD34+ adventitial cells, and classical mesenchymal stem cells, highlighting their tissue-specific mechanisms. The diagram also illustrates the functional pleiotropy of CD45-CD73+CD39+CD146+ mesenchymal stem cells. MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; TGF: Transforming growth factor; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; IGF: Insulin-like growth factor; SCF: Stem cell factor.

Figure 3 Donor- and microenvironment-related variables influencing pericyte-like mesenchymal stem cell functionality in tissue engineering. VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; G-CSF: Granulocyte colony-stimulating fact; TNF: Tumour necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin; IFN: Interferon; SCF: Stem cell factor; TGF: Transforming growth factor; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell.

Figure 4 Mobilization of pericyte-like mesenchymal stem cells into the bloodstream under stress and inflammation: A hypothetical model. G-CSF: Granulocyte colony-stimulating fact; IL: Interleukin; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell.