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World J Stem Cells. Aug 26, 2025; 17(8): 104930
Published online Aug 26, 2025. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v17.i8.104930
Figure 1
Figure 1 Immunomodulatory mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell therapy for lupus nephritis. The red arrow represents a downward adjustment and the green arrow represents an upward beneficial adjustment. IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; IL: Interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; BAFF: B-cell activating factor; Th: T helper; DCs: Dendritic cells; M-CSF: Macrophage-colony stimulating factor.