Advances in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles and biomaterial assemblies for endometrial injury treatment

Figure 1 Mesenchymal stem cells and damaged endometrium. This figure illustrates the key structures of the endometrium, including the functional and basal layers, and the types of stem cells (epithelial-like and stromal-like stem cells) involved in the repair process following injury. The main sources of mesenchymal stem cells and their contribution to endometrial repair were also highlighted.

Figure 2 Mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-mediated repair in endometrial injury. This figure illustrates how human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells aid in endometrial repair through transdifferentiation, paracrine effects [via microRNAs (miRNA), exosomes, and growth factors], and immunomodulation [involving interactions with T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages].