Pancreatic cancer stem cells: Perspectives on potential therapeutic approaches of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Figure 1 Mechanism of action of different non-cancer related drugs against pancreatic cancer stem cells. EMT: Epithelial mesenchymal transition; ALDH1: Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt: Protein kinase B; OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation.

Figure 2 The types of nanoparticles. A: Different types of nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery; B: Specific nanoparticles for targeting pancreatic cancer stem cells. PCSCs: Pancreatic cancer stem cells.