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Publication Name
World Journal of Gastroenterology
ISSN
1007-9327
Publisher of This Article
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2026.
World J Gastroenterol. Feb 21, 2026; 32(7): 111478
Published online Feb 21, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i7.111478
Table 1 Comparison of clinical factors among benign, precancerous, and gallbladder, cancer groups (n = 1134), n (%)
Clinical factors
Group
P value
Benign (n = 601)
Precancer (n = 248)
GBC (n = 285)
Sex ratio (male/female)0.890.851.080.337
Age (years)56.0357.2669.100.000
BMI (kg/m2)24.8624.7624.720.960
AST (IU/L)36.2433.1633.180.544
ALT (U/L)45.8534.7633.720.007
ALP (U/L)96.6084.6896.520.035
γ-GT (IU/L)119.1077.12111.290.050
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)176.39177.38164.790.000
Triglyceride (mg/dL)147.67147.98124.080.010
BUN (mg/dL)13.6713.9715.010.008
Creatinine (mg/dL)0.820.820.850.673
Total protein (g/dL)6.986.956.820.002
Albumin (g/dL)4.054.163.900.000
Amylase (U/L)61.9377.9953.350.026
HTN207 (34.44)82 (33.06)143 (50.18)0.000
DM116 (19.30)41 (16.53)64 (22.46)0.224
Gallstone433 (72.05)74 (29.84)83 (29.12)0.000
Cholangitis105 (17.47)31 (12.50)71 (24.91)0.000
BMI: Body mass index; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine transaminase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; γ-GT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; HTN: Hypertension; DM: Diabetes mellitus.
Full Size Table
Table 2 Changes in clinical characteristics of gallbladder cancer patients based on time period (n = 285), n (%)
Clinical factors
Years
P value
2004-2008 (n = 38)
2009-2013 (n = 63)
2014-2018 (n = 75)
2019-2023 (n = 109)
Sex ratio (male/female)0.901.250.971.140.820
Age (years)67.0569.1168.6870.100.397
BMI (kg/m2)24.4723.6124.3625.750.511
AST (IU/L)34.1331.3834.9232.700.909
ALT (U/L)31.4728.9037.4434.720.710
ALP (U/L)91.26102.5398.4894.900.786
γ-GT (IU/L)83.0794.05135.03112.300.719
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)170.03163.90167.95161.290.675
Triglyceride (mg/dL)131.97134.25130.65110.940.310
BUN (mg/dL)13.4715.6514.3915.610.246
Creatinine (mg/dL)0.940.800.790.900.480
Total protein (g/dL)6.806.886.766.660.794
Albumin (g/dL)3.963.983.793.920.132
Amylase (U/L)67.2154.5153.8547.510.556
HTN22 (57.90)26 (41.30)34 (45.30)61 (56.00)0.167
DM5 (13.20)11 (17.50)18 (24.00)30 (27.50)0.212
Gallstone13 (34.20)21 (25.30)19 (25.30)30 (27.50)0.643
Cholangitis4 (10.50)16 (25.40)19 (25.30)32 (29.40)0.147
Stage I & II26 (68.4)34 (54.0)51 (68.0)76 (69.7)0.177
Stage III & IV12 (31.6)29 (46.0)24 (32.0)33 (30.3)
5-year survival rate (%)52.651.652.0Not applicable0.876
BMI: Body mass index; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine transaminase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; γ-GT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; HTN: Hypertension; DM: Diabetes mellitus.
Full Size Table
Table 3 Temporal changes in histopathologic features of gallbladder cancer patients (n = 285), n (%)
Pathological features
Years
P value
2004-2008 (n = 38)
2009-2013 (n = 63)
2014-2018 (n = 75)
2019-2023 (n = 109)
Preinvasive neoplasm0.472
    ICPN11 (28.95)20 (32.26)26 (35.14)27 (24.77)
    BilIN or adenoma27 (71.05)42 (67.74)48 (64.86)82 (75.23)
Histologic cell differentiation0.038
    Pancreaticobiliary31 (81.58)57 (91.94)55 (74.32)82 (75.23)
    Intestinal7 (18.42)5 (8.06)19 (25.68)27 (24.77)
Non-neoplastic change (hyperplasia or metaplasia)26 (68.42)51 (82.26)66 (89.19)89 (81.65)0.062
Liver involvement4 (10.53)9 (14.29)5 (6.76)15 (13.76)0.445
Poorly cohesive component (including signet ring cells)9 (23.68)17 (27.42)27 (36.49)27 (24.77)0.316
Undifferentiated component (including squamous or sarcomatous)10 (26.32)7 (11.29)18 (24.32)20 (18.35)0.173
Depth of invasion (cm)0.470.610.490.550.673
Tumor size (cm)1.111.411.141.160.532
Tumor budding (buds/0.785 mm2)4.923.665.413.330.128
ICPN: Intracholecystic papillary neoplasm; BilIN: Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia.
Full Size Table
Table 4 Comparison of histopathologic features of gallbladder cancer according to tumor stage (n = 285), n (%)
Pathological features
Stage
P value
I & II (n = 187)
III & IV (n = 98)
Preinvasive neoplasm0.000
    ICPN70 (37.4)15 (15.3)
    BilIN or adenoma117 (62.6)83 (84.7)
Histologic cell differentiation0.722
    Pancreaticobiliary147 (78.6)79 (80.6)
    Intestinal40 (21.4)19 (19.4)
Non-neoplastic change (hyperplasia or metaplasia)152 (81.3)80 (81.6)0.943
Liver involvement11 (5.9)22 (22.4)0.000
Poorly cohesive component (including signet ring cells)38 (20.3)42 (43.8)0.000
Undifferentiated component (including squamous or sarcomatous)29 (15.5)26 (26.5)0.025
Depth of invasion (cm)0.380.880.000
Tumor size (cm)0.831.930.000
Tumor budding (buds/0.785 mm2)2.976.470.000
ICPN: Intracholecystic papillary neoplasm; BilIN: Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia.
Full Size Table
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