Endoscopic rubber band ligation, injection sclerotherapy, and sclerobanding for the treatment of internal hemorrhoids

doi:10.3748/wjg.v32.i5.116007

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 32, Issue 5

This Article

Academic Content and Language Evaluation of This Article

CrossCheck and Google Search of This Article

Academic Rules and Norms of This Article

Supplementary Materials of This Article

Citation of this article

Corresponding Author of This Article

Research Domain of This Article

Article-Type of This Article

Open-Access Policy of This Article

Times Cited Counts in Google of This Article

Number of Hits and Downloads for This Article

Total Article Views (0)

All Articles published online

The chart showing PDF series, HTML series, Figures (1-5) series, Tables (1-8) series.

Item

Count

PDF

HTML

Figures (1-5)

Tables (1-8)

Sum=2

Publishing Process of This Article

The chart showing Browse series, Download series.

Item

Count

Browse

Download

Sum=7

Feb 7, 2026 (publication date) through Jan 28, 2026

Times Cited of This Article

Times Cited (0)

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Gastroenterology

ISSN

1007-9327

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Cohort Study

World J Gastroenterol. Feb 7, 2026; 32(5): 116007
Published online Feb 7, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i5.116007

Table 1 Preoperative characteristics, mean ± SD/n (%)

Subgroup	Gender (female/male)	Age (years)	Disease duration [months, median (Q1, Q3)]	BMI (kg/m²)	Hemorrhoid grade
Subgroup	Gender (female/male)	Age (years)	Disease duration [months, median (Q1, Q3)]	BMI (kg/m²)	Grade I	Grade II	Grade III
ERBL	26/44	49.00 ± 11.59	30.00 (6.00, 61.50)	24.46 ± 3.24	22 (31.43)	22 (31.43)	26 (37.14)
IS	19/47	49.94 ± 12.74	36.00 (11.25, 120.00)	23.59 ± 2.54	25 (37.88)	22 (33.33)	19 (28.79)
ESB	30/35	50.59 ± 12.60	48.00 (12.00, 120.00)	24.49 ± 3.02	14 (21.54)	21 (32.31)	30 (46.15)
Total	75/126	49.94 ± 12.27	36.00 (12.00, 120.00)	24.19 ± 2.97	61 (30.35)	65 (32.34)	75 (37.31)
Statistic	χ² = 4.224	F = 0.425	H = 4.140	F = 1.996	H = 5.527
P value	0.121	0.655	0.126	0.139	0.063

ERBL: Endoscopic rubber band ligation; IS: Injection sclerotherapy; ESB: Endoscopic polidocanol sclerobanding; BMI: Body mass index.

Full Size Table

Table 2 Treatment data

Subgroup	Rubber bands [number, median (Q1, Q3)]	Sclerosant dosage [mL, median (Q1, Q3)]	Anesthesia method (local/intravenous anesthesia)	Follow-up duration [months, median (Q1, Q3)]
ERBL	4.00 (3.00, 5.00)		42/28	20.50 (9.00, 24.00)
IS		9.5 (6.75, 10.00)	42/24	23.50 (13.00, 24.00)
ESB	4.00 (3.00, 5.00)	8.00 (6.00, 10.00)	45/20	18.00 (11.25, 24.00)
Total	4.00 (3.00, 5.00)	8.00 (6.00, 10.00)	129/72	20.00 (12.00, 24.00)
Statistic	Z = -0.901	Z = -1.496	χ² = 1.262	H = 0.909
P value	0.367	0.135	0.532	0.635

ERBL: Endoscopic rubber band ligation; IS: Injection sclerotherapy; ESB: Endoscopic polidocanol sclerobanding.

Full Size Table

Table 3 Clinical efficacy analysis, n (%)

Subgroup	Efficacy (no stratification)			Efficacy (grade I)			Efficacy (grade II-III)
Subgroup	Cured	Improved	Ineffective	Cured	Improved	Ineffective	Cured	Improved	Ineffective
ERBL	40 (57.14)	21 (30.00)	9 (12.86)	16 (72.73)	5 (22.73)	1 (4.54)	24 (50.00)	16 (33.33)	8 (16.67)
IS	27 (40.91)	33 (50.00)	6 (9.09)	15 (60.00)	8 (32.00)	2 (8.00)	12 (29.27)	25 (60.97)	4 (9.76)
ESB	32 (49.23)	27 (41.54)	6 (9.23)	11 (78.57)	2 (14.29)	1 (7.14)	21 (41.18)	25 (49.02)	5 (9.80)
Total	99 (49.25)	81 (40.30)	21 (10.45)	42 (68.85)	15 (24.59)	4 (6.56)	57 (40.72)	66 (47.14)	17 (12.14)
Statistic	H = 1.999			H = 1.527			H = 1.682
P value	0.368			0.466			0.431

ERBL: Endoscopic rubber band ligation; IS: Injection sclerotherapy; ESB: Endoscopic polidocanol sclerobanding.

Full Size Table

Table 4 Postoperative pain characteristics, n (%)

Subgroup	Pain	VAS [median (Q1, Q3)]	Pain duration [days, median (Q1, Q3)]
ERBL	41 (58.57)^a	2.00 (0.00, 3.25)^a	2.00 (0.00, 3.00)^a
IS	8 (12.12)^a^,^b	0.00 (0.00, 0.00)^a^,^b	0.00 (0.00, 0.00)^a^,^b
ESB	18 (27.69)^a^,^b	0.00 (0.00, 2.00)^a^,^b	0.00 (0.00, 1.00)^a^,^b
Total	67 (33.33)	0.00 (0.00, 2.00)	0.00 (0.00, 2.00)
Statistic	χ² = 34.359	H = 36.950	H = 38.365
P value	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

^aP < 0.001, post-hoc analyses were performed at P < 0.05.

^bP’ < 0.001 vs endoscopic rubber band ligation.

ERBL: Endoscopic rubber band ligation; IS: Injection sclerotherapy; ESB: Endoscopic polidocanol sclerobanding; VAS: Visual analog scale.

Full Size Table

Table 5 Other postoperative adverse reactions, n (%)

Subgroup	Bleeding	Fever	Dysuria
ERBL	1 (1.43)	2 (2.86)	3 (4.29)
IS	0 (0.00)	2 (3.03)	0 (0.00)
ESB	1 (1.54)	1 (1.54)	3 (4.62)
Total	2 (1.00)	5 (2.49)	6 (2.99)
Statistic
P value	0.770	1.000	0.221

ERBL: Endoscopic rubber band ligation; IS: Injection sclerotherapy; ESB: Endoscopic polidocanol sclerobanding.

Full Size Table

Table 6 Postoperative pain characteristics for grade I hemorrhoids, n (%)

Subgroup	Pain	VAS [median (Q1, Q3)]	Pain duration [days, median (Q1, Q3)]
ERBL	6 (27.27)	0.00 (0.00, 2.25)	0.00 (0.00, 2.00)
IS	3 (12.00)	0.00 (0.00, 0.00)	0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
ESB	3 (21.43)	0.00 (0.00, 0.75)	0.00 (0.00, 0.50)
Total	12 (19.67)	0.00 (0.00, 0.00)	0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
Statistic		H = 3.308	H = 2.182
P value	0.426	0.191	0.336

ERBL: Endoscopic rubber band ligation; IS: Injection sclerotherapy; ESB: Endoscopic polidocanol sclerobanding; VAS: Visual analog scale.

Full Size Table

Table 7 Postoperative pain characteristics for grade II-III hemorrhoids, n (%)

Subgroup	Pain	VAS [median (Q1, Q3)]	Pain duration [days, median (Q1, Q3)]
ERBL	35 (72.92)^a	2.00 (0.00, 4.00)^a	2.00 (0.00, 3.75)^a
IS	5 (12.20)^a^,^b	0.00 (0.00, 0.00)^a^,^b	0.00 (0.00, 0.00)^a^,^b
ESB	15 (29.41)^a^,^b	0.00 (0.00, 2.00)^a^,^b	0.00 (0.00, 1.00)^a^,^b
Total	55 (39.29)	0.00 (0.00, 2.75)	0.00 (0.00, 2.00)
Statistic	χ² = 37.461	H = 35.553	H = 41.352
P value	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

^aP < 0.001, post-hoc analyses were performed at P < 0.05.

^bP’ < 0.001 vs endoscopic rubber band ligation.

ERBL: Endoscopic rubber band ligation; IS: Injection sclerotherapy; ESB: Endoscopic polidocanol sclerobanding; VAS: Visual analog scale.

Full Size Table

Table 8 Analysis of recurrence rates, n (%)

Subgroup	Short-term recurrence (no stratification)		Total recurrence (no stratification)		Total recurrence (grade I)		Total recurrence (grade II-III)
Subgroup	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No
ERBL	5 (8.20)	56 (91.80)	11 (18.03)^b^,^c	50 (81.97)^b^,^c	1 (4.76)	20 (95.24)	10 (25.00)^a	30 (75.00)^a
IS	1 (1.67)	59 (98.33)	24 (40.00)^b	36 (60.00)^b	7 (30.43)	16 (69.57)	17 (45.95)^a	20 (54.05)^a
ESB	4 (6.78)	55 (93.22)	10 (16.95)^b^,^c	49 (83.05)^b^,^c	1 (7.69)	12 (92.31)	9 (19.57)^a^,^c	37 (80.43)^a^,^c
Total	10 (5.56)	170 (94.44)	45 (25.00)	135 (75.00)	9 (15.79)	48 (84.21)	36 (29.27)	87 (70.73)
Statistic			χ² = 10.819				χ² = 7.415
P value	0.284		0.004		0.050		0.025

^aP < 0.05, post-hoc analyses were performed at P < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01, post-hoc analyses were performed at P < 0.05.

^cP’ < 0.05 vs injection sclerotherapy.

ERBL: Endoscopic rubber band ligation; IS: Injection sclerotherapy; ESB: Endoscopic polidocanol sclerobanding.

Full Size Table

Citation: Zu N, Jing X, Zhou XY, Ma BB, Wang SJ, Qi XS, Liu LB. Endoscopic rubber band ligation, injection sclerotherapy, and sclerobanding for the treatment of internal hemorrhoids. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(5): 116007
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i5/116007.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v32.i5.116007