Prevalence, familial clustering, and influencing factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in Western Fujian Province households

Table 1 Relationship between general characteristics and Helicobacter pylori infection among 1427 individuals

Influencing factor	Number of respondents	Number of infected cases	Infection rate (%)	χ2 value	P value
Sex				0.003	0.957
Male	690	235	34.1
Female	737	250	33.9
Age				0.995	0.319
Adult	1208	417	34.5
Minor	219	68	31.1
Residence				0.019	0.889
Rural	529	181	34.2
Urban	898	304	33.9
Smoking				8.120	0.004
Yes	268	111	41.4
No	1159	374	32.3
Secondhand smoke exposure				22.253	0.000
Yes	519	217	41.8
No	908	268	29.5
Hand washing before meals and after defecation				4.975	0.026
Yes	1353	451	33.3
No	74	34	45.9
Gastrointestinal symptoms				28.808	0.000
Yes	509	219	43.0
No	918	266	29.0
Family history of H. pylori infection				129.322	0.000
Yes	854	390	45.7
No	573	95	16.6
Halitosis				201.576	0.000
Yes	610	333	54.6
No	817	152	18.6

P < 0.05 indicating a statistically significant difference. H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 2 Single factor analysis of demographic characteristics associated with Helicobacter pylori infection in households

Influencing factor	Number of households surveyed	Number of H. pylori-positive households	Positive rate (%)	χ2 value	P value
Jurisdiction				11.038	0.087
Xinluo District	127	79	62.2
Yongding District	48	24	50.0
Shanghang County	60	31	51.7
Changting County	60	30	50.0
Wuping County	40	19	47.5
Liancheng County	40	30	75.0
Zhangping City	40	22	55.0
Residence				0.076	0.783
Urban	269	151	56.1
Rural	146	84	57.5
Household size				21.593	0.001
2	1001	401	40.0
3	135	75	55.6
4	1072	692	64.5
5	49	32	65.3
6	19	14	73.7
7	5	5	100.0
Family structure				20.740	0.000
Spousal family	841	301	35.7
Nuclear family	1942	1152	59.3
Stem family	1132	762	67.3
Other family types	24	14	58.3
Per capita monthly household income (Chinese yuan)				27.204	0.000
≤ 1500	191	161	84.2
1501-3000	1761	1181	67.0
3001-5000	2012	962	47.8
> 5000	192	52	26.3
Separate chopsticks and spoons				29.494	0.000
No	352	219	62.2
Yes	63	16	25.4
Shared tableware				27.520	0.000
No	98	33	33.7
Yes	317	202	63.7
Shared drinking cups				5.949	0.015
No	348	188	54.0
Yes	67	47	70.1
Shared toothbrush cups				18.027	0.000
No	361	190	52.6
Yes	54	45	83.3
Frequency of tableware disinfection (time/week)				70.894	0.000
< 1	2531	1811	71.5
1-2	532	282	52.8
≥ 3	1092	262	23.9

¹Represent the baseline group within the current influencing factor category.

²Groups that showed statistically significant differences from group labeled 1.

P < 0.05 indicating a statistically significant difference. A special symbol in statistics indicating no statistical difference between groups with the same number and a statistically significant difference between groups with different numbers. H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 3 Results of multivariate logistic analysis of factors associated with household Helicobacter pylori infection

Variable	β	SE	Wald	P value	OR	95%CI
Household size	0.478	0.497	0.922	0.337	1.612	0.608-4.274
Spousal family	-1.226	0.553	4.926	0.026	0.293	0.099-0.866
Per capita monthly household income	1.803	1.026	3.090	0.079	6.066	0.813-45.272
Shared chopsticks and spoons	0.982	0.404	5.897	0.015	2.669	1.209-5.895
Shared tableware (no)	-0.590	0.322	3.348	0.067	0.554	0.295-1.043
Shared drinking cups (no)	-0.094	0.357	0.069	0.792	0.910	0.452-1.833
Shared toothbrushing cups (no)	-1.240	0.443	7.829	0.005	0.289	0.121-0.690
Tableware disinfection < 1 time/week	1.934	0.293	43.628	0.000	6.919	3.897-12.283

P < 0.05 indicating a statistically significant difference. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 4 Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and different demographic characteristics in adults

Influencing factor	Number of respondents	Number of infected cases	Infection rate (%)	χ2 value	P value
Sex				0.015	0.904
Male	562	195	34.7
Female	646	222	34.4
Age				4.392	0.356
18-35	313	114	36.4
36-50	387	130	33.6
51-65	395	143	36.2
66-75	96	25	26.0
> 75	17	5	29.4
Residence				0.168	0.682
Rural	754	257	34.1
Urban	454	160	35.2
Family role				14.805	0.011
Parents	6081	2211	36.3
Spouse	1742	412	23.6
Grandparents	1491	551	36.9
Children	2531	931	36.8
Grandchildren	17	3	17.6
Others	7	4	57.1
Marital status				0.929	0.818
Married	952	330	34.7
Unmarried	188	64	34.0
Divorced	26	7	26.9
Widowed	42	16	38.1
Occupation				4.705	0.453
Worker (staff, professional and technical personnel)	521	178	34.2
Civil servant	56	19	33.9
Farmer	244	90	36.9
Retired	99	31	31.3
Student	78	20	25.6
Freelancer (self-employed, unemployed)	210	79	37.6
Educational level				2.290	0.318
Primary school and below	182	69	37.9
Junior high school/senior high school/technical secondary school	462	165	35.7
College and above	564	183	32.4
Awareness of H. pylori				69.758	0.000
Unaware	6611	2961	44.8
Partially aware	5172	1112	21.5
Fully aware	30	10	33.3

¹Represent the baseline group within the current influencing factor category.

²Groups that showed statistically significant differences from group labeled 1.

P < 0.05 indicating a statistically significant difference. A special symbol in statistics indicating no statistical difference between groups with the same number and a statistically significant difference between groups with different numbers. H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 5 Relationship between adult Helicobacter pylori infection and individual lifestyle and diet

Influencing factor	Number of households surveyed	Number of H. pylori-positive households	Positive rate (%)	χ2 value	P value
Smoking				5.841	0.016
No	997	329	33.0
Yes	211	88	41.7
SI				6.118	0.047
Mild smoking	10661	3551	33.3
Moderate smoking	32	13	40.6
Heavy smoking	1102	492	44.5
Second-hand smoke exposure				18.476	0.000
No	746	223	29.9
Yes	462	194	42.0
Alcohol type				28.840	0.000
Liquor	1341	681	50.7
Red wine	25	12	48.0
Rice wine	46	20	43.5
Beer	691	311	44.9
None	9342	2862	30.6
Alcohol consumption (g/day)				16.368	0.000
Low dose	11431	3811	33.3
Medium dose	35	16	45.7
High dose	302	202	66.7
Hand washing after meals and defecation				2.547	0.110
No	64	28	43.8
Yes	1144	389	34.0
History of gastrointestinal diseases				6.664	0.010
No	799	296	37.0
Yes	409	121	29.6
Gastrointestinal symptoms				24.942	0.000
No	731	212	29.0
Yes	477	205	43.0
Family history of H. pylori infection				99.189	0.000
No	441	73	16.6
Yes	767	344	44.9
History of long-term medication				1.599	0.206
No	1101	386	35.1
Yes	107	31	29.0
Family history of upper gastrointestinal diseases				0.541	0.462
No	1077	368	34.2
Yes	131	49	37.4
Spicy food intake (time/week)				136.234	0.000
< 1	8691	2241	25.8
1-3	1592	662	41.5
> 3	1803	1273	70.6
Pickled food intake (time/week)				15.626	0.000
< 1	8721	2741	31.4
1-3	2862	1172	40.9
> 3	502	262	52.0
Salt intake (g/day)				205.886	0.000
< 6	831	177	21.3
≥ 6	377	240	63.7
Fruit and vegetable intake (time/week)				14.076	0.001
< 1	291	181	62.1
1-3	921	401	43.5
> 3	10872	3592	33.0
Whole grain intake (time/week)				23.802	0.000
< 1	6931	2791	40.3
1-3	3372	922	27.3
> 3	1782	462	25.8
Milk and dairy product intake (time/week)				4.821	0.090
< 1	6991	2591	37.1
1-3	2862	872	30.4
> 3	223	71	31.8
Soybean and soybean product intake (time/week)				2.392	0.302
< 1	370	139	37.6
1-3	629	206	32.8
> 3	209	72	34.4
Soup consumption (time/week)				0.343	0.842
< 1	56	21	37.5
1-3	126	45	35.7
> 3	1026	351	34.2
Garlic intake (time/week)				145.004	0.000
< 1	6831	3291	48.2
1-3	2092	562	26.8
> 3	3163	323	10.1
Strong tea/coffee/milk tea consumption (time/week)				10.674	0.005
< 1	9181	2951	32.1
1-3	169	67	39.6
> 3	1212	552	45.5
Use of separate chopsticks and spoons when dining out				21.219	0.000
No	840	325	38.7
Yes	368	92	25.0
Frequency of dining out (time/week)				4.530	0.104
< 1	806	263	32.6
1-3	258	95	36.8
> 3	144	59	41.0
Sleep duration (hours/day)				20.096	0.000
< 4	11	3	27.3
4-6	2151	861	40.0
6-8	6931	2591	37.4
> 8	2892	692	23.9
Breakfast habit and eating rhythm				9.947	0.007
No, irregular	83	34	41.0
Yes, irregular	752	372	49.3
Yes, regular	10501	3461	33.0
Toothbrushing frequency (time/day)				31.144	0.000
1	3251	1521	46.8
2	8212	2512	30.6
> 2	622	142	22.6
Toothbrush replacement frequency (months/time)				41.913	0.000
≤ 3	6711	1901	28.3
4-6	2631	891	33.8
> 6	2742	1382	50.4
Business trip frequency (day/month)				2.280	0.320
< 1	1177	409	34.7
1-5	22	7	31.8
> 5	9	1	11.1
Oral diseases (dental caries, dentures, periodontitis)				2.415	0.120
No	763	251	32.9
Yes	445	166	37.3
Halitosis				198.442	0.000
No	6781	1221	18.0
Yes, noticed by others	942	382	40.4
Yes, noticed by oneself	4363	2573	58.9

¹Represent the baseline group within the current influencing factor category.

²Groups that showed statistically significant differences from group labeled 1.

³Groups that showed statistically significant differences compared to both groups labeled 1 and 2.

P < 0.05 indicating a statistically significant difference. A special symbol in statistics indicating no statistical difference between groups with the same number and a statistically significant difference between groups with different numbers. H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; SI: Smoking index.

Table 6 Results of multivariate logistic analysis on factors influencing Helicobacter pylori infection in adults

Influencing factor	β	SE	Wald	P value	OR	95%CI
Family role-grandchildren	-2.184	0.825	7.004	0.008	0.113	0.022-0.568
Awareness of H. pylori-unaware	0.784	0.191	16.877	0.000	2.191	1.507-3.186
Smoking	0.375	0.388	0.933	0.334	1.455	0.680-3.111
SI	-0.246	0.445	0.307	0.579	0.782	0.327-1.868
Secondhand smoke exposure	0.000	0.194	0.000	1.000	1.000	0.684-1.463
Alcohol type-beer	0.931	0.359	6.737	0.009	2.537	1.256-5.125
Alcohol consumption	-0.587	0.585	1.007	0.316	0.556	0.176-1.751
History of gastrointestinal diseases	0.936	0.199	22.051	0.000	2.549	1.725-3.766
Gastrointestinal symptoms	-0.166	0.179	0.867	0.352	0.847	0.597-1.202
Family history of H. pylori infection-no	-1.216	0.193	39.761	0.000	0.296	0.203-0.433
Spicy food intake > 3 times/week	0.853	0.319	7.144	0.008	2.346	1.255-4.383
Pickled food intake	0.282	0.206	1.864	0.172	1.325	0.885-1.986
Salt intake < 6 g/day	-1.121	0.191	34.576	0.000	0.326	0.224-0.474
Fruit and vegetable intake	0.404	0.557	0.525	0.469	1.498	0.503-4.463
Whole grain intake	0.266	0.198	1.799	0.180	1.304	0.885-1.923
Garlic intake > 3 times/week	-1.043	0.296	12.423	0.000	0.352	0.197-0.629
Strong tea/coffee/milk tea consumption < 1 time/week	-0.682	0.246	7.688	0.006	0.506	0.312-0.819
Separate chopsticks and spoons when dining out	-0.102	0.192	0.281	0.596	0.903	0.619-1.317
Sleep duration > 8 hours/day	-0.645	0.220	8.633	0.003	0.525	0.341-0.807
Regular three meals a day	0.423	0.315	1.808	0.179	1.526	0.824-2.828
Toothbrushing frequency	0.586	0.418	1.960	0.162	1.796	0.791-4.078
Toothbrush replacement frequency	0.392	0.238	2.716	0.099	1.480	0.928-2.360
Halitosis-no	-1.381	0.188	54.191	0.000	0.251	0.174-0.363

P < 0.05 indicating a statistically significant difference. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; SI: Smoking index.

Table 7 Single factor analysis of Helicobacter pylori infection factors in adolescents

Influencing factor	Number of households surveyed	Number of H. pylori-positive households	Positive rate (%)	χ2 value	P value
Sex				0.006	0.940
Male	128	40	31.3
Female	91	28	30.8
Age				1.126	0.569
3-6	37	9	24.3
7-12	112	35	31.3
13-17	70	24	34.3
Residence				0.496	0.481
Rural	75	21	28.0
Urban	144	47	32.6
Family role				0.028	0.867
Children	127	40	31.5
Grandchildren	92	28	30.4
Family history of H. pylori infection				32.110	0.000
No	132	22	16.7
Yes	87	46	52.9
Hand washing before and after meals				2.807	0.094
No	10	6	60.0
Yes	209	62	29.7
Hand washing after defecation				1.213	0.271
No	7	4	57.1
Yes	212	64	30.2
Shared tableware (including straws)				6.519	0.011
No	82	17	20.7
Yes	137	51	37.2
Toothbrushing frequency (time/day)				0.450	0.502
≤ 1	83	28	33.7
> 1	136	40	29.4
Toothbrush replacement frequency (months/time)				1.261	0.532
≤ 3	161	49	30.4
4-6	39	11	28.2
> 6	19	8	42.1
Eating rhythm				1.017	0.313
No	28	11	39.3
Yes	191	57	29.8
Smoking or secondhand smoke exposure				3.113	0.078
No	162	45	27.8
Yes	57	23	40.4
Gastrointestinal symptoms				2.823	0.093
No	187	54	28.9
Yes	32	14	43.8
Beverage consumption				2.670	0.102
No	47	10	21.3
Yes	172	58	33.7
Beverage type				1.870	0.393
None/electrolyte drink/soda water	54	13	24.1
Milk tea/fruit tea/coffee	49	15	30.6
Carbonated beverage	116	40	34.5
Smoked and fried food intake (time/week)				4.125	0.042
< 1	202	59	29.2
≥ 1	17	9	52.9
Pickled food intake (time/week)				0.021	0.885
< 3	207	65	31.4
≥ 3	12	3	25.0
Salt intake (g/day)				29.664	0.000
< 6	183	43	23.5
≥ 6	36	25	69.4
Fruit and vegetable intake (time/week)				3.543	0.060
< 3	14	8	57.1
≥ 3	205	60	29.3
Whole grain intake (time/week)				1.524	0.217
< 3	181	53	29.3
≥ 3	38	15	39.5
Milk and dairy product intake (time/week)				0.085	0.771
< 3	30	10	33.3
≥ 3	189	58	30.7
Soybean and soybean product intake (time/week)				2.606	0.106
< 3	151	52	34.4
≥ 3	68	16	23.5
Soup consumption (time/week)				2.090	0.148
< 3	28	12	42.9
≥ 3	191	56	29.3
Garlic intake (time/week)				1.216	0.270
< 3	205	66	32.2
≥ 3	14	2	14.3
Snack consumption (time/week)				1.616	0.446
< 1	13	4	30.8
1-3	94	25	26.6
> 3	112	39	34.8
Sleep duration (hours/day)				0.361	0.548
≤ 8	64	18	28.1
> 8	155	50	32.3
Staying up late				0.357	0.550
No	179	54	30.2
Yes	40	14	35.0
Dental caries				28.960	0.000
No	135	24	17.8
Yes	84	44	52.4
Halitosis				17.362	0.000
No	1391	301	21.6
Yes, noticed by others	412	172	41.5
Yes, noticed by oneself	392	212	53.8
Learning mode				0.123	0.726
Day school	194	61	31.4
Boarding	25	7	28.0
Object biting				17.032	0.000
No	1831	521	28.4
Occasionally	261	71	26.9
Frequently	102	92	90.0
Independent sleep				0.423	0.525
No	81	23	28.4
Yes	138	45	32.6
Playing in public places (times/week)				1.169	0.280
< 3	85	30	35.3
≥ 3	134	38	28.4
Mouth-to-mouth kissing				2.145	0.143
No	213	64	30.0
Yes	6	4	66.7

¹Represent the baseline group within the current influencing factor category.

²Groups that showed statistically significant differences from group labeled 1.

P < 0.05 indicating a statistically significant difference. A special symbol in statistics indicating no statistical difference between groups with the same number and a statistically significant difference between groups with different numbers. H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 8 Multivariate analysis of Helicobacter pylori infection in adolescents

Variable	β	SE	Wald	P value	OR	95%CI
Family history of H. pylori infection-no	-1.967	0.406	23.447	0.000	0.140	0.063-0.310
Shared tableware-no	-1.094	0.451	5.887	0.015	0.335	0.138-0.810
Smoked and fried food intake < 1 time/week	-1.711	0.638	7.182	0.007	0.181	0.052-0.632
Salt intake < 6 g/day	-1.466	0.521	7.916	0.005	0.231	0.083-0.641
Halitosis	0.995	0.601	2.736	0.098	2.704	0.832-8.788
Dental caries-yes	1.254	0.467	7.221	0.007	3.506	1.404-8.754
Object biting-frequently	3.671	1.159	10.033	0.002	39.300	4.054-381.012

P < 0.05 indicating a statistically significant difference. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 9 Distribution of the frequency of household Helicobacter pylori infection

Number of infected persons in household	Household size
	2	3	4	5	6	7	Total households	Total number of infected persons
0	60	60	38	17	5	0	180	0
1	25	23	21	8	2	0	79	79
2	15	33	20	12	4	2	86	172
3	0	19	20	6	4	0	49	147
4	0	0	8	5	2	3	18	72
5	0	0	0	1	2	0	3	15
Total number of households	100	135	107	49	19	5	415	485
Total population	200	405	428	245	114	35	1427

Table 10 Fit goodness test for the binomial distribution of family clusters in Helicobacter pylori-infected households

Number of cases per household	Observed frequency (A)	Theoretical frequency (T)	Residual (A-T)
0	180	110.7	69.3
1	79	168.4	-89.4
2	86	98.9	-12.9
3	49	30.4	18.6
≥ 4	21	6.7	14.3

Table 11 Helicobacter pylori infection status in spouses

Wife’s H. pylori status	Husband’s H. pylori status		Total
	Positive	Negative
Positive	86	77	163
Negative	77	231	308
Total	163	308	471

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 12 Relationship between parental infection status and pediatric Helicobacter pylori infection

Group	Children’s H. pylori status		Total (number of children)	Children’s H. pylori infection rate (%)
	Positive	Negative
Group 1 (both parents positive)	49	31	80	61.3
Group 2 (one parent positive)	70	77	147	47.6
Father positive	34	43	77	44.2
Mother positive	36	34	70	51.4
Group 3 (both parents negative)	23	164	187	12.3
Total	142	272	414	34.3

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 13 Relationship between grandparent infection status and Helicobacter pylori infection in grandchildren

Group	Grandchildren’s H. pylori status		Total (number of grandchildren)	Grandchildren’s H. pylori infection rate (%)
	Positive	Negative
Group1 (both grandparents positive)	8	6	14	57.1
Group 2 (one grandparent positive)	14	18	32	43.8
Grandfather positive	5	7	12	41.7
Grandmother positive	9	11	20	45.0
Group 3 (both grandparents negative)	2	27	29	6.9
Total	24	51	75	32.0

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.