Gut bacterial and fungal signatures in relation to human leukocyte antigen-DQ2/DQ8 in children with celiac disease and siblings

doi:10.3748/wjg.v32.i10.116128

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Mar 14, 2026 (publication date) through Mar 2, 2026

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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World J Gastroenterol. Mar 14, 2026; 32(10): 116128
Published online Mar 14, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i10.116128

Table 1 Laboratory data from patients with celiac disease, siblings of celiac disease patients, and healthy subjects (control group), median (Q1-Q3)

Variable	CeD, n = 14	Siblings of CeD, n = 16	Control group, n = 19	P value¹	P value¹^,²	P value¹^,³	P value¹^,⁴
BMI (kg/m²)	15.28 (14.17-16.62)	16.81 (4.62-18.12)	19.51 (5.29-21.61)	0.026^a	0.35	0.021^a	0.8
Glycemia (mmol/L)	4.5 (4.43-4.78)	4.45 (4.32-4.68)	4.4 (4.25-4.7)	0.936
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	3.95 (3.69-4.4)	4.42 (3.83-4.79)	3.83 (3.67-4.21)	0.005^a	0.24	0.65	0.004^a
HDL (mmol/L)	1.35 (1.24-1.56)	1.48 (1.32-1.7)	1.26 (1.1-1.42)	0.018^a	0.7	0.41	0.014^a
LDL (mmol/L)	2.47 (2.0-2.54)	2.72 (2.22-2.97)	2.36 (1.92-2.55)	0.019^a	0.12	1	0.017^a
TGs (mmol/L)	0.67 (0.58-0.88)	0.8 (0.72-0.96)	0.71 (0.66-0.8)	0.548
ALT (U/L)	24.0 (19.0-25.12)	23.5 (16.0-26.8)	15.0 (13.75-27.5)	0.83
Fe (μmol/L)	12.9 (10.4-19.7)	17.8 (13.1-21.05)	16.35 (14.4-21.25)	0.34
Creatinine (μmol/L)	34.45 (30.72-36.95)	35.4 (30.55-44.92)	51.55 (38.92-55.6)	0.003^a	1	0.013^a	0.011^a
Anti-tTG (U/mL)	173.9 (77.7-200.0)	2.0 (2.0-2.03)	1.9 (1.9-1.9)	< 0.001^a	< 0.001^a	< 0.001^a	< 0.001^a

¹P value for Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc analysis.

²Celiac disease vs siblings of celiac disease.

³Celiac disease vs control group.

⁴Siblings of celiac disease vs control group.

^aP < 0.017 after Bonferroni correction.

BMI: Body mass index; HDL: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TGs: Triglycerides; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; anti-tTG: Anti-tissue transglutaminase; CeD: Celiac disease.

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Table 2 Clinical data from patients with celiac disease, siblings of celiac disease patients and healthy subjects (control group), n (%)

Variable	Category of variable	CeD, n = 14	Siblings of CeD, n = 16	Control group, n = 19	P value¹	P value¹^,²	P value¹^,³	P value¹^,⁴
Sex	Female	7	7	16	0.033^a	0.752	0.045^a	0.045^a
Sex	Male	7	9	3	0.033^a	0.752	0.045^a	0.045^a
DQ2.2	Positive	4 (28.6)	4 (25)	3 (15.8)	0.655
DQ2.2	Negative	10 (71.4)	12 (75)	16 (84.2)	0.655
DQ2.5	Positive	14 (100)	8 (50)	3 (15.8)	< 0.001^a	0.031^a	< 0.05	0.071
DQ2.5	Negative	0 (0.0)	8 (50)	16 (84.2)	< 0.001^a	0.031^a	< 0.05	0.071
DQ8	Positive	1 (7.1)	1 (6.3)	6 (31.6)	0.071
DQ8	Negative	13 (92.9)	15 (93.8)	13 (68.4)	0.071

¹P value for χ² test with post hoc analysis.

²Celiac disease vs siblings of celiac disease.

³Celiac disease vs control group.

⁴Siblings of celiac disease vs control group.

^aP < 0.017 after Bonferroni correction.

CeD: Celiac disease.

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Table 3 Measures of bacterial and fungal alpha diversity using the most common metrics in stool samples from pediatric patients with celiac disease, their siblings and a control group of children

Index	Observed	Chao1	ACE	Shannon	Simpson	Fisher
Taxa level¹	Bacteria
L2	0.52	0.52	0.67	0.211	0.121	0.532
L7	0.139	0.204	0.22	0.699	0.63	0.551
Taxa level¹	Fungi
L3	< 0.001^a	< 0.001^a	0.002^a	0.191	0.232	0.03^a
L7	< 0.001^a	< 0.001^a	0.001^a	0.195	0.324	0.018^a
Taxa level²	Bacteria
L2	< 0.001^a	< 0.001^a	0.087	0.015^a	0.009^a	0.446
L7	< 0.001^a	< 0.001^a	< 0.001^a	0.119	0.179	0.46
Taxa level²	Fungi
L3	0.165	0.023^a	0.129	0.768	0.48	0.408
L7	0.058	0.009^a	0.021^a	0.988	0.61	0.134
Taxa level³	Bacteria
L2	0.001^a	0.003^a	0.143	0.193	0.209	0.308
L7	0.002^a	0.001^a	0.001^a	0.035^a	0.067	0.324
Taxa level³	Fungi
L3	0.208	0.289	0.056	0.095	0.039^a	0.269
L7	0.353	0.5	0.636	0.173	0.116	0.369

¹Alfa diversity metrics P values (celiac disease vs siblings of celiac disease).

²Alfa diversity metrics P values (celiac disease vs control).

³Alfa diversity metrics P values (siblings of celiac disease vs control).

^aP < 0.05.

L2: Phylum; L3: Class; L7: Species; ACE: Abundance-based coverage estimator.

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Table 4 Measures of bacterial and fungal beta diversity using the most common metrics in stool samples from pediatric patients with celiac disease, their siblings and a control group of children

Index	Bray-Curtis	Jensen-Shannon divergence	Jaccard
Taxa level¹	Bacteria
L2	0.238	0.05^a	3.79
L7	0.045^a	0.052	1.28
Taxa level¹	Fungi
L3	0.007^a	0.008^a	0.008^a
L7	0.031^a	0.029^a	0.029^a
Taxa level²	Bacteria
L2	0.284	0.028^a	0.137
L7	0.054	0.057	0.049^a
Taxa level²	Fungi
L3	0.851	0.889	0.805
L7	0.732	0.662	0.681
Taxa level³	Bacteria
L2	0.664	< 0.001^a	0.582
L7	0.038^a	0.042^a	0.037^a
Taxa level³	Fungi
L3	0.007^a	0.004^a	0.012^a
L7	0.02^a	0.005^a	0.44

¹Beta diversity metrics P values (celiac disease vs siblings of celiac disease).

²Beta diversity metrics P values (celiac disease vs control).

³Beta diversity metrics P values (siblings of celiac disease vs control).

^aP < 0.05.

L2: Phylum; L3: Class; L7: Species.

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Citation: Salamon D, Krawczyk A, Zapała B, Duplaga M, Kowalska-Duplaga K, Gosiewski T. Gut bacterial and fungal signatures in relation to human leukocyte antigen-DQ2/DQ8 in children with celiac disease and siblings. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(10): 116128
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i10/116128.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v32.i10.116128