Ambroxol mitigates cyclophosphamide-induced liver injury by suppressing TLR-4/NF-κB signaling and oxidative stress and upregulating cytoglobin, TXNRD1 and HMGB1

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Sep 21, 2025 (publication date) through Nov 2, 2025

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastroenterol. Sep 21, 2025; 31(35): 108139
Published online Sep 21, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i35.108139

Table 1 Binding affinities and interaction of ambroxol with different protein targets

	Lowest binding energy (kcal/mol)	Polar bonds	Hydrophobic interactions
Cytoglobin	-5.1		Val47, Val51, Arg48, Pro69
TXNRD1	-6.6	Glu477, Thr480	Val474, Cys475, Ile347, Pro344, Thr481, Val478, Phe406
HMGB1	-4.9	Ser12, Ala13, Asn46	Lys39, Gly42, Ala38, Phe14

TXNRD1: Thioredoxin reductase 1; HMGB1: High-mobility group box 1.

Citation: Alruhaimi RS, Hassanein EHM, Alnasser SM, Ahmeda AF, Althagafy HS, Abd El-Ghafar OAM, Mahmoud AM. Ambroxol mitigates cyclophosphamide-induced liver injury by suppressing TLR-4/NF-κB signaling and oxidative stress and upregulating cytoglobin, TXNRD1 and HMGB1. World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31(35): 108139
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v31/i35/108139.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v31.i35.108139