Ascites characteristics in acute pancreatitis: A prognostic indicator of organ failure and mortality

Table 1 Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with and without ascites in acute pancreatitis, n (%)

Characteristics	No ascites (n = 6430)	Ascites (n = 899)	P value
Gender (male)	3702 (57.6)	540 (60.1)	0.01
Age (years)	50 (40-63)	50 (41-63)	0.64
Admission day	2 (1-4)	2 (1-3)	0.1
Etiology
Alcoholic	498 (7.7)	102 (11.3)	< 0.001
Hypertriglyceridemia	1584 (24.6)	278 (30.9)	< 0.001
Biliary	3686 (57.3)	452 (50.3)	< 0.001
Others1	178 (2.8)	10 (1.1)	0.004
Idiopathic	528 (8.2)	57 (6.3)	0.061
Comorbidities
Hypertension	1057 (16.4)	193 (21.5)	< 0.001
Coronary heart disease	96 (1.5)	17 (1.9)	0.364
Heart failure	23 (0.4)	6 (0.7)	0.166
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	49 (0.8)	15 (1.7)	0.006
Diabetes	556 (8.6)	96 (10.7)	0.045
Interventions
Ventilator ventilation	208 (3.2)	296 (32.9)	0.009
Early termination of disease	41 (0.6)	42 (4.7)	< 0.001
Percutaneous catheter drainage	70 (1.1)	191 (21.2)	< 0.001
Endoscopic debridement	23 (0.4)	75 (8.3)	< 0.001
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography	1381 (21.5)	121 (13.5)	< 0.001
Complications
Abdominal compartment syndrome	13 (0.2)	80 (8.9)	< 0.001
Abdominal bleeding	11 (0.2)	40 (4.4)	< 0.001
Septicemia	46 (0.7)	119 (13.2)	< 0.001
Intestinal fistula	6 (0.1)	24 (2.7)	< 0.001
Transient OF	1421 (22.1)	695 (77.3)	< 0.001
Transient respiratory failure	557 (8.7)	125 (13.9)	< 0.001
Transient renal failure	94 (1.5)	62 (6.9)	< 0.001
Transient circulatory failure	42 (0.7)	25 (2.8)	< 0.001
Persistent OF	824 (12.8)	568 (63.2)	< 0.001
Persistent respiratory failure	762 (11.9)	542 (60.3)	< 0.001
Persistent kidney failure	133 (2.1)	184 (20.5)	< 0.001
Persistent circulatory failure	79 (1.2)	163 (18.1)	< 0.001
Necrotizing pancreatitis	1056 (16.4)	512 (57.0)	< 0.001
Infected pancreatic necrosis	86 (1.3)	189 (21.0)	< 0.001
Clinical Tab Score for Imaging (week 1)	2 (1-3)	4 (3-6)	< 0.001
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Score (day 1)	1 (0-2)	2 (2-3)	< 0.001
Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II Score (day 1)	6 (4-9)	9 (6-13)	< 0.001
Mild acute pancreatitis	3172 (49.3)	50 (5.6)	< 0.001
Moderately severe acute pancreatitis	2438 (37.9)	281 (31.3)	< 0.001
Severe acute pancreatitis	820 (12.8)	568 (63.2)	< 0.001
Death	47 (0.7)	80 (9.0)	< 0.001
Hospital days	8 (5-11)	17 (10-28)	< 0.001

¹Other etiology include medication, surgery, trauma, post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and structural abnormalities of the pancreatic duct.

The data expression forms are Median (25^th-75^th percentile) and n (%). OF: Organ failure.

Table 2 Characteristics of ascites and their association with clinical outcome

Indicators	Yellow clear ascites (n = 54)	Yellow cloudy ascites (n = 293)	Red brown ascites (n = 320)	P value
Gender (male)	32 (59.3)	183 (62.5)	187 (58.4)	0.589
Admission day after onset	3 (1-3)	2 (1-4)	2 (1-3)	0.156
Etiology
Alcoholic	5 (9.3)	41 (14.0)	29 (9.1)	0.138
Hypertriglyceridemia	9 (16.7)	84 (28.7)	85 (26.6)	0.186
Biliary	32 (59.3)	134 (45.7)	161 (50.3)	0.154
Idiopathic	2 (3.7)	27 (9.2)	34 (10.6)	0.270
Ascites cell count (cells/mm³)	55 (12-1000)	400 (28-3900)	226 (29-4323)	0.075
Proportion of neutrophils in ascites (%)	65 (9-90)	85 (9-92)	85 (9-94)	0.029
Total ascites protein (g/L)	31.1 (3.6-36.9)	32.6 (17.4-39.7)	36.4 (28.8-41.9)	< 0.001
Ascites amylase (U/L)	35 (11-210)	596 (78-1897)	825 (219-2826)	< 0.001
Ascites lactate dehydrogenase (U/L)	115 (29-790)	1138 (251-2055)	1573 (539-3377)	< 0.001
Positive for ascites bacteria smear	5 (9.3)	29 (9.9)	31 (9.7)	0.988
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Score (day 1)	2 (1-3)	2 (1-3)	3 (2-3)	< 0.001
Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis Score (day 1)	1 (1-2)	2 (1-3)	2 (1-3)	0.001
Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II Score (day 1)	8 (5-12)	9 (5-12)	10 (7-14)	0.001
Clinical Tab Score for Imaging (week 1)	4 (2-5)	4 (2-6)	6 (3-8)	< 0.001
Pancreatic necrosis	20 (37.0)	131 (44.7)	209 (65.3)	< 0.001
Infected pancreatic necrosis	5 (9.3)	42 (14.3)	75(23.4)	0.003
Percutaneous catheter drainage	3 (5.6)	42 (14.3)	73 (22.8)	0.019
Endoscopic debridement	2 (3.7)	10 (3.4)	33 (10.3)	0.01
OF	34 (63.0)	216 (73.7)	259 (80.9)	0.006
Persistent OF	27 (50.0)	164 (56.0)	221 (69.1)	0.001
Persistent respiratory failure	26 (48.1)	158 (53.9)	211 (65.9)	0.002
Persistent kidney failure	4 (7.4)	37 (12.6)	97 (30.3)	< 0.001
Persistent circulatory failure	6 (11.1)	30 (10.2)	73 (22.8)	< 0.001
Abdominal compartment syndrome	2 (3.7)	14 (4.8)	41 (12.8)	0.001
Respiratory infection	5 (9.3)	21 (7.2)	53 (16.6)	0.001
Blood infection	5 (9.3)	32 (10.9)	68 (21.3)	< 0.001
Mild acute pancreatitis	10 (18.5)	20 (6.8)	1 (0.3)	< 0.001
Moderately severe acute pancreatitis	17 (31.5)	108 (36.9)	98 (30.6)	0.250
Sever acute pancreatitis	27 (50.0)	165 (56.3)	221 (69.1)	0.001
Death	1 (1.9)	17 (5.8)	38(11.9)	0.021
Hospital days	13 (7-20)	15 (10-23)	18 (11-30)	0.001

The data expression forms are Median (25^th-75^th percentile) and n (%). OF: Organ failure.