Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 7, 2025; 31(25): 106371
Published online Jul 7, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i25.106371
Table 1 Demographic and clinical data of patients in the study
Characteristic
PBC (n = 16)
AIH (n = 9)
OS (n = 7)
Age (years)58.00 (42.25-61.00)52.00 (28.00-57.50)57.00 (42.00-60.00)
Sex (male/female)2/141/81/6
RBC (× 1012/L)3.89 (3.67-4.04)3.98 (3.32-5.19)4.40 (4.23-4.55)a
WBC (× 109/L)4.17 (3.05-5.73)4.74 (3.58-6.69)6.09 (4.75-8.37)a
PLT (× 109/L)138.50 (46.00-219.00)132.00 (60.00-245.00)181.00 (111.00-281.00)
ALT (IU/L)57.50 (31.75-76.00)109.00 (39.00-275.00)82.00 (16.00-259.00)
AST (IU/L)95.00 (63.00-126.00)97.00 (39.00-275.00)52.00 (49.00-199.00)
TBIL (μmol/L)35.05 (24.80-49.60)31.60 (16.85-54.95)30.80 (19.50-33.90)
GGT (IU/L)190.50 (93.75-485.00)66.00 (57.00-132.5)186.00 (29.00-494.00)
ALP (IU/L)324 (176.50-583.00)138.00 (94.00-294.50)216.00 (90.00-310.00)
ALB (g/dL)37.9 (32.68-45.00)38.40 (26.20-42.70)37.30 (34.50-46.80)
TG (mmol/L)0.97 (0.76-1.24)1.27 (0.73-1.70)1.02 (0.64-1.36)
CHOL (mmol/L)4.63 (3.59-8.12)4.48 (2.94-5.49)5.14 (4.03-7.22)
TBIL (μmol/L)35.05 (24.8-49.6)31.60 (16.85-54.95)30.80 (19.50-33.90)
INR1.04 (0.98-1.13)1.13 (1.05-1.24)1.00 (0.91-1.14)
IGA (mg/dL)3.59 (3.17-4.40)2.49 (2.12-3.91)3.50 (2.70-7.87)
IGG (mg/dL)16.85 (14.63-20.70)16.00 (15.00-29.55)17.05 (13.80-18.10)
IGM (mg/dL)4.45 (2.75-5.26)1.34 (0.83-2.38)1.85 (1.06-4.48)
ANA (positive/total)16/168/96/7
AMA (positive/total)12/162/95/7
ACA (positive/total)4/161/91/7
Table 2 Top 10 phylum-level shifts in gut microbiota composition among three patient groups
Gut microbiome
AIH (%)
PBC (%)
OS (%)
Firmicutes61.28765553.93872249.503265
Proteobacteria11.20575619.14240128.905284
Bacteroidetes20.80281621.92824915.823387
Actinobacteria5.9980742.8063891.049066
Verrucomicrobia0.5165671.830223.527271
Fusobacteria0.042270.2750331.138819
Candidatus Saccharibacteria0.0374150.0194630.017548
Synergistetes0.0058230.0115980.012459
Cyanobacteria0.0048310.0025690.009026
Tenericutes4.87 × 10-49.63 × 10-40.0
Table 3 Significantly altered metabolites in overlap syndrome compared to primary biliary cholangitis
Name
FC
P value
VIP
4-(anilinomethylidene)-3-methyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-one1.5526960.0007212.639853
2-hydroxy-6-[(8Z,11Z)-pentadeca-8,11,14-trien-1-yl]benzoic acid0.3707920.0038421.818916
Ergosterol peroxide3.1189030.0042432.925869
Cholest-4-en-3-one0.404430.0044991.984777
Propionylcarnitine1.9250510.0046832.61661
Fludrocortisone acetate0.2489680.0052971.854885
N-Methyldioctylamine1.5853330.0058872.162885
Proscillaridin A3.20960.0093322.315147
(+/-)-CP 47,497-C7-hydroxy metabolite0.5447980.0129312.197074
PC (16:1e/22:1)1.7474510.0141322.307943
Octadec-9-ynoic acid0.4403690.0149882.076044
PC (16:1e/22:0)0.480380.0160272.072384
17beta-Trenbolone0.5746120.018042.224429
SM (d14:0/14:1)2.7165970.0186852.053585
alpha-farnesene0.6474870.0225441.773355
Trigonelline0.4211730.0237571.652406
LPE 18:21.5673820.0258361.859335
9-HOTrE0.6161450.0296221.97427
Verapamil hydrochloride0.5632060.0361.803812
Cer-NS (d18:1/16:0)0.5499910.0370821.795717
1,3-dimethyluracil0.4717920.0375511.671353
6-(7-methyloctyl)-1H,3H,4H,6H-furo[3,4-c]furan-1-one1.9710030.0379652.152845
(+/-)5(6)-DiHET0.3668810.0421841.46635
Pilocarpine0.4897330.0433711.922503
PC (3:0/16:4)1.6289910.0448051.521527
Testosterone0.5732490.0469181.426691
Table 4 Significantly altered metabolites in overlap syndrome compared to autoimmune hepatitis
Name
FC
P value
VIP
All-Trans-13,14-dihydroretinol0.1551180.0026342.637447
Alpha-farnesene0.5441360.0015442.616726
PC (14:1e/18:0)2.1372440.0039362.522067
(+/-)-CP 47,497-C7-hydroxy metabolite0.4736410.019212.325252
PC (16:1e/22:1)1.9395050.008262.30595
Methyl nicotinate0.0639760.0454242.14672
Octadec-9-ynoic acid0.5028620.0117261.993845
Homo-gamma-linolenic acid (C20:3)0.490570.0277111.964745
PC (16:1e/22:0)0.5852720.0129061.906264
PC (16:0e/16:0)1.6353130.0294781.902553
Linolelaidic acid (C18:2N6T)0.6490170.0297291.902188
Homoarginine0.4815610.0168521.82961
Mupirocin0.5630210.0462331.817926
Phenylglyoxylic acid0.2863240.031551.786545
Tetranor-12(S)-HETE0.4331410.0045151.741955
N-Methyldioctylamine1.5304440.0242541.708007
Jasmonic acid0.5453060.0242531.438671
(2S)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H,3H,7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one0.6479680.0214511.313058