Efficacy of a novel artificial liver versatile plasma purification system in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure

Table 1 Comparison of baseline data between the versatile plasma purification system and non-versatile plasma purification system groups, n (%)

Demographic characteristics	VPPS (n = 260)	Non-VPPS (n = 242)	P value
Age (year)	49 (38.75, 58)	47 (37.3, 54.1)	0.213
Male	211 (81.15)	210 (86.77)	0.155
SaO2, (%)	98 (97.75, 99)	98 (97, 98.23)	0.111
FiO2, (%)	21 (20, 21)	21 (20, 22)	0.224
Etiology			0.124
Hepatitis B	177 (68.1)	173 (71.4)
Alcohol	43 (16.5)	37 (15.3)
Drug	33 (12.7)	27 (11.3)
Autoimmunity	7 (2.7)	5 (2)
Length of stay (day)	23.5 (10, 43)	28 (20, 40)	0.001
Hormone therapy	50 (19.2)	51 (21.6)	0.248
Hormone total amount (mg)	51.2 (10, 60)	48 (12, 56)	0.413
Hormone treatment course (day)	3 (1, 6)	2 (1, 5)	0.620
Comorbidities			< 0.001
Yes	247 (95)	164 (67.6)
No	13 (5)	78 (32.4)
Peritonitis	214 (82.3)	129 (53.3)	< 0.001
Pulmonary aspergillosis	13 (5)	6 (2.4)	0.035
Hepatic encephalopathy	148 (56.9)	129 (53.3)	0.419
Hepatorenal syndrome	56 (21.5)	61 (25.2)	0.198
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage	34 (13.1)	38 (15.7)	0.090
Prognostic score
MELD	25.7 (10, 32)	23.1 (11, 34.6)	0.123
MELD-Na	29.1 (11, 36.4)	27.3 (9.1, 35)	0.164
CLIF-SOFA	9.5 (6, 13)	7.9 (5, 11)	0.024
CLIF-OFs	9.9 (6, 14)	8.1 (5, 10)	0.028
CLIF-C ACLF	45.3 (19, 50.4)	42.4 (20.2, 51)	0.198
HBV-SOFA	5.1 (4, 6)	4.9 (4, 6)	0.213
COSSH-ACLF	7.0 (5, 12)	6.8 (5, 11)	0.165
COSSH-ACLF IIs	8.7 (5.4, 13.6)	8.1 (5, 12.9)	0.133

Results presented as MD (IQR) unless specified otherwise. VPPS: Versatile plasma purification system; SaO₂: Arterial oxygen saturation; FiO₂: Fraction of inspiration O₂; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; CLIF-SOFA: Chronic liver failure-sequential organ failure assessment; ACLF: Acute-on-chronic liver failure; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; COSSH-ACLF: Chinese standard for the diagnosis and prognosis of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure.

Table 2 Cox regression analysis of the effect of versatile plasma purification system treatment on prognosis of patients with liver failure

Variables	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value
VPPS/non-VPPS
VPPS	Reference		Reference
Non-VPPS	3.676 (2.799, 4.827)	< 0.001	3.24 (2.152, 4.76)	< 0.001
Age	1.231 (1.03, 1.428)	0.003	1.142 (1.01, 1.23)	0.018
Sex (male)	1.225 (1.164, 2.18)	0.036	1.17 (0.886, 2.102)	0.120
Peritonitis	3.46 (1.75, 8.52)	0.012	2.825 (1.07, 6.382)	0.026
ALB	0.276 (0.128, 0.396)	< 0.001	0.67 (0.46, 0.942)	0.023
TBIL	1.987 (1.06, 3.963)	< 0.001	1.26 (1.01, 3.25)	0.021
INR	2.623 (1.05, 3.742)	< 0.001	1.97 (1.21, 2.908)	0.014

VPPS: Versatile plasma purification system; ALB: Albumin; TBIL: Total bilirubin; INR: International normalized ratio; HR: Hazard ratio.