Drinking water and liver cancer

Table 1 Micronuclear effects on the root tips of Vicia faba induced by different kinds of water

Water samples	The number ofsamples	MCN‰ (¯x ± s)	Induced effects
Pond water	13	15.8 ± 4.05b	+
Well water by the ponds	3	11.7 ± 6.15	+
Well water	5	4.3 ± 0.74	-
River water	6	3.9 ± 0.87	-
Tap water	5	4.2 ± 0.85	-
Distilled water	12	4.5 ± 0.58	-
K2Cr2O7	12	25.1 ± 5.10b	+

Table 2 Micronuclear effects on the root tips of Vicia faba induced by pond water

Spots	MCN‰ (¯x ± s)	Induced effects
Mumin	13.3 ± 1.24b	+
Lingfan	16.3 ± 4.73a	+
Bayang	15.3 ± 2.52b	+
Liansui	18.0 ± 2.00a	+
Ruilong	9.7 ± 0.58a	+
Zhongyuan	15.3 ± 2.50b	+
Busha	16.0 ± 1.60a	+
Sairen	20.0 ± 1.63a	+
Lailu	5.0 ± 1.00	-
Sanhe	8.7 ± 1.15b	+
Dubang	21.7 ± 4.16b	+
Jutun	19.3 ± 1.53b	+
Tanlong	18.0 ± 2.16b	+
Distilled water	4.4 ± 0.58	-
K2Cr2O7	25.0 ± 3.24b	+

MCN of water from each spot was compared with distilled water (t test).

^bP < 0.01,

^aP < 0.05)

Table 3 Micronuclear effects on the root tips of Vicia faba induced by well water by the ponds

Spots	MCN‰ (¯x ± s)	Induced effects
Tangan	17.7 ± 8.14a	+
Mumin	3.0 ± 1.00	-
Jucheng	14.3 ± 3.05a	+
destilled water	4.1 ± 0.25
K2Cr2O7	25.6 ± 5.20b	+

MCN of water from each spot was compared with distilled water (t test),

^bP < 0.01,

^aP < 0.05.

Table 4 Micronuclear effects on the root tips of Vicia faba induced by well water

Spots	MCN‰ (¯x ± s)	Induced effects
Ruilong	5.00 ± 1.00a	-
Sairen	3.30 ± 0.47a	-
Dubang	4.67 ± 1.15a	-
Tangan	3.85 ± 0.57a	-
Zhongyuan	4.51 ± 0.51a	-
Distilled water	4.33 ± 0.52	-
K2Cr2O7	24.9 ± 3.10b	+

MCN of water from each spot was compared with distilled water (t test),

^bP < 0.01,

^aP < 0.05.

Table 5 Micronuclear effects on the root tips of Vicia faba induced by river water

Spots	MCN‰ (¯x ± s)	Induced effects
Longtun	5.33 ± 0.57	-
Nale	4.00 ± 1.00	-
Wangzhuang	4.10 ± 0.85	-
Liuqiao	3.66 ± 0.75	-
Funong	5.67 ± 0.50	-
Longtou	4.66 ± 1.10	-
Distilled water	4.23 ± 0.52	-
K2Cr2O7	25.70 ± 2.30b	+

MCN of water from each spot was compared with distilled water (t test),

^bP < 0.01.

Table 6 Micronuclear effects on the root tips of Vicia faba induced by tap water

Spots	MCN‰ (¯x ± s)	Induced effects
Changping	3.33 ± 0.57	-
Zhongdong	4.33 ± 0.55	-
Nongyang	5.00 ± 1.00	-
Tangan	4.12 ± 0.87	-
Yiqiao	3.80 ± 0.51	-
Distilled water	4.30 ± 0.50
K2Cr2O7	25.71 ± 2.91b	+

^bP < 0.01.

Table 7 Relationship between different kinds of drinking water and the incidence of liver cancer

Type of drinking water	Incidence of liver cancer(/100 thousand)	RR
Pond water	82.56b	2.34
Well water by the ponds	75.85b	2.17
Well water	63.12a	1.80
River water	45.69a	1.31
Tap water	35.01	1.00

Comparison between the incidence of liver cancer induced by different kinds of water and that induced by tap water,

^bP < 0.01,

^aP < 0.05

Table 8 Relationship between micronuclear effects induced by different kinds of drinking water and the incidence of liver cancer

Type of drinking water	MCN‰ (¯x ± s)	Incidence of liver cancer(/100 thousand)
Pond water	15.8 ± 4.05	82.56
Well water by the ponds	11.7 ± 6.15	75.85
Well water	4.3 ± 0.74	63.12
River water	3.9 ± 0.87	45.69
Tap water	4.2 ± 0.85	35.01

MCN induced by different kinds of drinking water was compared with the incidence of liver cancer, (r = 0.86, P < 0.05).