Clinical observation of 125I-labeled anti-alpha fetoprotein antibody radioimmunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract

AIM: To observe the therapeutic effects and toxic side effects of ¹²⁵I labeled horse anti-human alpha fetoprotein (AFP) polyclonal antibodies in immune targeted therapy against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODS: A modified chloramine-T method to produce nuclide ¹²⁵I labeled horse anti-human AFP polyclonal antibodies was used to treat 22 cases of HCC. Drugs were administered by intravenous drip. The median dose of ¹²⁵I in the whole group was 289.3 (100.3-708.9) MBq. In this series of 22 cases, 19 were evaluated. HCC cases of the same period treated by ¹³¹I anti AFP (A group), anti-cancer drugs and anti AFP conjugates (B group) and chemotherapy alone (C group) were used as controls.

RESULTS: The effective rate (CR + PR) was 31.6%, tumor shrinkage rate was 63.2% (12/19), AFP descending rate 64.7% (11/17) and 6 cases became AFP negative. The post treatment 1 year survival rate was 47.1% (8/17). Seven cases are still alive. Five cases survived 14.33 mo, showing good therapeutic tolerance and minimal toxic side effects.

CONCLUSION: The therapeutic effect in the treatment group was significantly better than that of the control groups. This may be due to the effect of the continuous radiation of the long half life ¹²⁵I within the tumor cells.

Key Words: Liver neoplasms/therapy; Iodine radioisotopes; Radioimmunotherapy

INTRODUCTION

There have been many experimental and clinical reports about targeted treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)[1-5]. In 1980 the authors in 1980 started to use ¹³¹I anti alpha fetoprotein (AFP) for the treatment of HCC, reported preliminary results in 1983[5] and published the results of 72 cases in 1994, which showed rather good curative effects[6]. However, ¹³¹I has several short comings, such as requiring highly protective measures, a short half-life, apparent time limits, etc. Hence, the authors selected nuclide ¹²⁵I as the warhead. Although its energy is low, it has a long half-life, is easy to operate and only requires comparatively simple protective measures. In this paper, the authors reported the use of ¹²⁵I anti AFP antibodies to treat 22 cases of unresectable HCC (treatment group) from March 1991 to November 1993. HCC cases of the same period treated by intravenous ¹³¹I anti AFP targeted therapy (A group), intravenous anticancer drugs, anti AFP conjugates (B group) and chemotherapy alone (C group) were used for control studies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Preparation of ¹²⁵I anti AFP antibodies

Horse anti-human AFP polyclonal antibody serum was extracted by the ammonium sulfate precipitating method and purified by affinity chromatography. The purified antibodies were labeled with ¹²⁵I (supplied by the China Atomic Energy Research Institute) by the chloramine-T method. The product ¹²⁵I anti AFP was isolated by a Sephadex G column and filtered to remove bacteria. After cultivation and limulus testing to ascertain the lack of bacteria and pyrogens, the product was prepared for clinical use. Altogether 22 batches were prepared, with a ¹²⁵I recovery rate of 60%-80%, labeled rate of 65%-83%, and comparative radioactivity of 56.74 GBq/g IgG.

Cases

All cases were diagnosed as primary HCC on the basis of CT or hepatic arteriography, B ultrasonic examination or AFP test. Except for 2 cases which were AFP negative (confirmed by pathological examination), all cases were AFP positive (> 400 μg/L). The heart, liver and kidney functions of these 22 patients on admission were basically normal. Their pretreatment clinical characteristics are illustrated in Table 1.

Table 1 Pretreatment clinical characteristics of the treatment and control (A, B, C) groups.

Characteristics	Treatment group	Control groups
		A	B	C
Cases	22	25	21	25
Sex (male/female)	20/2	25/0	20/1	24/1
Average age (yr)	46.4	42.6	43.7	45.3
Age range	27.65	28.71	30.6	31.64
Type, stage (II/III)
Simple type (case)	14/1	15/1	15/1	17/1
Cirrhotic type (case)	7/0	8/1	5/0	6/1
Tumor mass ≤ 7	2	7	6	8
Size (cm) 7.1 - 10	10	13	8	13
> 10	10	5	7	4
Node single	9	12	6	16
multiple	13	13	15	9
Portal vein tumor thrombus	9	11	6	9
AFP > 400 (μg/L)	20	25	21	18
< 25	2	0	0	7
HBsAg (+)	19	21	18	22

Methods of treatment

Treatment group: 3-6 d before and 7 d after treatment the patients were given compound iodine solution to block the thyroid gland. Skin tests were performed prior to ¹²⁵I anti AFP intravenous drip and prednisone 30 mg was taken fractionally to prevent allergic reactions. The labeled drug was given once per month. The ¹²⁵I median dose of the whole group was 289.2 (100.3-708.9) MBq. The IgG amount of anti AFP antibodies was 5.2 (1.8-12.8) mg. Ten of the treatment group were treated only by ¹²⁵I anti AFP, while the remaining 12, after receiving 1.2 targeted treatments, were given intravenous chemotherapy, transarterial infusion (TAI) or transarterial chemoembolization (TAE).

Control groups: (1) the A group was treated by ¹³¹I anti AFP. The method of preparation followed that of Wu et al[6]. The administration of drug was the same as the treatment group (Table 2); (2) the B group was treated by conjugates of 5 Fu, DDP or MMC with anti AFP IgG [method of preparation follows that of Tumor, 1992; 12 (1):1]. The dose was 10.20 mL per day, diluted with normal saline, by intravenous drip once a day or on alternate days, consecutively for 20-50 d; and (3) the C group was treated with DDP 100 mg, within 3 or 5 d by intravenous drip, MMC 6.10 mg/wk, intravenous drip for 2 wk and 5-Fu 0.5-0.75 g/d for 5 d. Some of the cases adopted TAI or TAE. All were repeated once every 4 wk and the treatment ran for 2-4 cycles (Table 2).

Table 2 Dose, cycle (times) number of 125I group and control (A, B, C) groups.

Treatment program	125I		A		B	C
	I	≥ II	I	≥ II		I	≥ II
Targeted times, treatment (case)	6	16	8	17
Average/case (MBq)	163.5	382	388.5	984.9	treatment for 20-50 d
Median/case (MBq)	207.2p	340.4	392.2	936.1
Chemotherapy (case)	7	5	11	6	2	0	251
Including TAI, E (case)	7	3	4	1	2	13	3

¹25 cases treated by 2 cycles, among them 13 cases had once of TAI.

Therapeutic observations and criteria of curative and toxic side effects

The blood pictures were examined every week. Each patient had heart, liver and kidney function tests and AFP tested pretreatment. B ultrasound or CT examinations were carried out monthly or bimonthly. Determination of the blood thyroid function T₃ and T₄ before treatment and during the monitoring of the blood, ¹²⁵I turned to zero. Detection of the biological bodily distribution of ¹²⁵I by FT-3120 isotope activity was performed in some cases to determine the blood ¹²⁵I concentration (% dose/mL) at different times after treatment and the urinary excretion rate (the percentage of 24 h urine ¹²⁵I administered dose amount). The organ surface cpm·min^-1 of the liver and some other organs were also determined. The evaluation of the short term therapeutic effects was carried out according to CR, PR, MR, SD and PD standards. The toxic side effects and reactions were evaluated according to the WHO toxic reaction graduated standard.

RESULTS

All patients in the treatment group were followed up for 10.33 mo. In 2 cases, the duration of treatment was less than one year. Nineteen cases in the treatment group were evaluated and 3 cases in which the tumor mass was either too big, numerous or complicated with tumor thrombus of the portal vein were not evaluated. Of these 3 cases, 2 were discharged from hospital on the 14^th and 19^th day after one targeted treatment because of the appearance of jaundice and worsening illness. One patient who left the hospital due to liver rupture was not reexamined after treatment. In the control groups, A, B and C, all the patients died except one in control group A. The effective rate and one year survival rate in the treatment group were higher than those in the control groups (Table 3). In the treatment group, the tumor shrinkage rate was 63.2% (12/19), median shrinkage rate was 45.0% (18%-100%) and 6 cases had a shrinkage rate of more than 50%. Of the 7 cases of the treatment group who survived, 5 cases had already survived for 14, 14, 22, 30 and 33 mo. One patient, a 29 year old male, received 3 targeted therapies with the following results: The tumor shrank in size from 8.9 cm × 8.1 cm to 4.9 cm × 3.8 cm; AFP of more than 1600 μg/L became negative; the tumor gouged out surgically was 4.5 cm × 4.5 cm × 4 cm in size and found to have nodular liver cirrhotic changes; cross section of the tumor showed a necrotic substance; and pathological examination showed that the tumor was a highly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. Electron microscopy (Figure 1 , Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4) revealed the vacuolation of cellular organelles, nuclear dissolution or pyknosis of the nuclei, cellular degeneration, necrosis and the disappearance of normal structures.

Figure 1 Electron microscope observation of resected specimen ¹²⁵I anti alpha fetoprotein treatment. (Li, male, 27 years old, HCC, admittance No.10206 tumor cross section, necrotic material, capsule intact electron microscope: Degeneration, necrosis of tumor tissue). Normal liver cell, from juxta tumor. × 2200

Figure 2 Electron microscope observation of resected specimen ¹²⁵I anti alpha fetoprotein treatment. (Li, male, 27 years old, HCC, admittance No.10206 tumor cross section, necrotic material, capsule intact electron microscope: Degeneration, necrosis of tumor tissue). Dissolution of nucleus. × 7700

Table 3 Short term therapeutic effects, post treatment survival rate of the treatment group and control (A, B, C) groups.

Therapeutic effect	Treatment group1		Control groups
			A		B	C
	22	162	25	172	21	25
CR + PR	31.6 (6/19)	37.5 (6/16)	4.0 (1/25)	5.9 (1/17)	4.8 (1/21)	8.0 (2/25)
CR + PR + MR	42.1 (8/19)	43.8 (7/16)	16.0 (4/25)	23.5 (4/17)	28.6 (6/21)	20.0 (5/25)
Survival ≥ 6 mon	68.4 (13/19)	75.0 (12/16)	28.0 (7/25)	41.2 (7/17)	42.9 (9/21)	52.0 (13/25)
Survival ≥ 12 mon	47.1 (8/17)	57.1 (8/14)	16.0 (4/25)	23.5 (4/17)	9.5 (2/21)	8.0 (2/25)
Still alive	7	7	1	1	0	0

¹Only in ¹²⁵I group 1 case reached CR;

²by 2 or more than 2 times of treatment.

Figure 3 Electron microscope observation of resected specimen ¹²⁵I anti alpha fetoprotein treatment. (Li, male, 27 years old, HCC, admittance No.10206 tumor cross section, necrotic material, capsule intact EM: Degeneration, necrosis of tumor tissue). Nuclear dissolution, organelle vacuolation. × 4000

Figure 4 Electron microscope observation of resected specimen ¹²⁵I anti alpha fetoprotein treatment. (Li, male, 27 years old, HCC, admittance No.10206 tumor cross section, necrotic material, capsule intact EM: Degeneration, necrosis of tumor tissue). Pyknotic nucleus, organelle vacuolation. × 7700

AFP changes

The AFP descending rate in the treatment group was 64.7% (11/17, in 6 cases the AFP became negative) and was higher than those in the control groups, A, B and C. The AFP descending rates of the control groups were 44.0% (12/25), 38.1% (8/12) and 46.6% (7/15), respectively.

Toxic side effects

There were no allergic reactions in the treatment group. Two cases (receiving the same batch of labeled material) had fever (38.8 °C and 39.5 °C) one hour after the intravenous drip. The fever was related to the pyrogens. There were 5 cases whose SGPT was increased slightly. Leukopenia grade I, II and III occurred in 4, 3, 2 cases, respectively, which was significantly lower than that in the chemotherapy only group and in chemotherapy group it occurred in 19, 4 and 3 cases, respectively. In the treatment group, T₃ and T₄ were determined in 27 cases and there was a decrease in 8 and 6 cases, respectively. One case was medicated with thyroid tablets because he had clinical manifestations of mild “hypothyroideism”. The patient had returned to normal when he was reexamined 2 mo after treatment.

DISCUSSION

People use lipiodol as a carrier for antitumor drugs, nuclide ¹³¹I or ¹²⁵I as warheads in targeted therapy for HCC. This therapeutic method was indicated for the treatment of unresectable HCC. Bretagne[7], Baoul et al[8], Lu et al[4] and Wang et al[2] used ¹³¹I (or ¹²⁵I) labeled lipiodol infusion via the hepatic artery or combined with antitumor drugs for the treatment of HCC. The AFP descending rate was 37%-86.7%, the objective effective rate was 40%-75%, and the post treatment 1 year survival rate was 31%. However, it was necessary to deliver the drugs via the hepatic artery. Regarding using antibodies as a carrier, many scientists have reported the usage of anti-ferritin antibody. Order[9] used ¹³¹I anti-ferritin antibodies in treating 105 cases of HCC, applying targeted therapy after radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy. The effective rate was 48% (CR 7%, PR 41%). Tang[1], using ¹³¹I anti-human HCC isoferritin antibodies as the main tool, integrated this tool with radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy in the treatment of 47 cases of HCC. The results were that in 13 cases the tumors shrank and were resected and 7 cases survived for more than 3 years. We used ¹³¹I anti AFP ≥ 2 times for 47 cases of HCC, achieving a one year survival rate of 45.7%. However, in that group of patients, 14 cases received drugs via the hepatic artery. The effective rate was higher in treatment via the hepatic artery than via the intravenous route (64.3% vs 15.2%). Also, the 1 year survival rate was higher in the former than the latter (64.3% vs 37.5%). In our group of 22 cases, most were in the advanced stage (Table 1) and the drugs were all administered by the intravenous route. In cases treated ≥ 2 times, the 1 year survival rate (57.1%) was significantly higher than those of the control groups (P < 0.05). Besides, 7 were still alive. Electron microscopy of the surgical specimen obtained from one post treated patient showed cellular degeneration and necrosis, indicating that such morphological changes were related to the selective action of the targeted drugs. Koji et al[10] reported that on the 7th day after the infusion of ¹²⁵I labeled anti AFP and F (ab’) into the rat liver cancer model, within the tumor, 30%-60% of the radioactive materials localized on the cell membrane and nuclear membrane of the cancer cells. Such localization within the tumor was 4 times higher than that in the control group IgG. He further observed that the AFP of advanced stage HCC patients dropped to normal level and was maintained at that level for more than 4 mo after receiving ¹²⁵I anti AFP treatment. He believed that this might be due to the attack and inhibition of the cancer cells by the antibodies. Judging from the observation of the blood ¹²⁵I levels and the urinary excretion rates determined at different times in some of our treated patients, and as time passes, such blood ¹²⁵I levels and urinary excretion rates declined but rather slowly, showing that the radiation action of ¹²⁵I within the cancer cells might persist for quite a long time, thereby producing comparatively good therapeutic results. This paper and the Koji experimental investigation suggest that ¹²⁵I anti AFP possesses a certain degree of specificity in the treatment of HCC. Of course, this awaits further clinical verification. Although ¹³¹I possesses certain merits, such as a strong tumoricidal effect, it has short comings such as a short half-life, time limits, needing rather expensive preventive measures and patients having to be isolated. On the other hand, ¹²⁵I has several advantages, e.g. long half-life, low energy, short X-ray penetration distance (about the diameter of a cell), little adverse effect on normal cells, easy to operate, simple protective measures and having significant practical value. It can be prepared as HCC targeted treatment medical kits to be used extensively in the clinical field.