Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastroenterol. Nov 21, 2021; 27(43): 7446-7461
Published online Nov 21, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i43.7446
Table 1 Microbiota changes in different studies regarding hepatic B and C virus

Changes of gut microbiota in patients vs healthy subjects
Ref.
Type of HBV infection
Chronic HBV infectionBacteroidetes and Firmicutes; ↑ Proteobacteria and ActinobacteriaChen et al[117]
Bifidobacterium dentium; ↓ Bifidobacterium catenulatum and longumXu et al[118]
Veillonellaceae; ↓ Lachnospiraceae, Rikenellaceae, RuminococcaceaeWang et al[119]
HBV liver cirrhosis↓↓↓ Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes; ↑↑↑ Proteobacteria and ActinobacteriaChen et al[117]
Decompensated HBV cirrhosisBifidobacteria/Enterobacteriaceae ratio; ↑ Enterobacteriaceae; ↓ Firmicutes (F.prausnitzii, Clostridium clusters XI and XIVab, Bifidobacterium); ↓ BacteroidetesLu et al[120]
HBV related hepatocellular carcinomaProteobacteria; ↑ Prevotella, Phascolarctobacterium, Anaerotruncus; ↑ Proteus, Veillonella, Prevotella 2, Barnesiella and Ruminococcaceae spp.Liu et al[121]
Type of HCV infection
Chronic HCV infection without cirrhosisVeillonella spp., Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Alloprevotella spp.; ↓ Bilophila spp., Clostridium IV spp., Clostridium XlVb spp., Mitsuokella spp. and Vampirovibrio spp.; No changes: Akkermansia spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Escherichia/Shigella spp., Haemophilus spp., Micrococcus spp. and Weissella spp.Heidrich et al[122]
Chronic HCV infection with cirrhosis↑↑↑ Veillonella spp., Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Alloprevotella spp.; ↓↓↓ Bilophila spp., Clostridium IV spp., Clostridium XlVb spp., Mitsuokella spp. and Vampirovibrio spp.; ↑↑↑ Akkermansia spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Escherichia/Shigella spp., Haemophilus spp., Micrococcus spp. and Weissella spp.Heidrich et al[122]
Stage 4 HCV infection (cirrhosis)Firmicutes; ↑ Prevotella, Faecalibacterium (F. prausnitzii); ↑ Acinetobacter; ↑ VeillonellaAly et al[123]
Table 2 Microbial changes as a result of several treatments in viral B and C hepatitis
Drug
Type of study
Changes in gut microbiota
Ref.
EntecavirExperimental (mice)Lachnospiraceae, Akkermansia, Alistipes, Escherichia, Shigella, Oscillibacter, BilophilaLi et al[127]
ClinicalClostridium sensu stricto 1, Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-007, Intestinibacter; ↓ Streptococcus, Atopobium, and MurdochiellaLu et al[128]
Direct antiviral agents in patients with HCV infectionClinicalPhylum Firmicutes, genera LachnospiraPérez-Matute et al[129]
Direct antiviral agents in patients with HCV-related liver cirrhosisClinicalEnterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus and VeillonellaceaePonziani et al[130]