Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2020.
World J Gastroenterol. May 28, 2020; 26(20): 2514-2532
Published online May 28, 2020. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i20.2514
Table 1 List of evaluated studies
Type of tumorRef.Type of biofluidSample sizeMono- or multi- centric studyCohort allocationNMR (MHz)Acquisition temperature and pulse sequences
PC[70]S99 (56 PC; 43 control patients: Benign pancreatic masses, pancreatitis and gallstone disease)MonoCalgary, Canada600298 K, 1D Noesy: 1024 sc; 2D TOCSY, HSQC
PC[67]S30 (17 PC; 23 HS)MonoFuzhou, China500298 K, CPMG: 256 sc
PC[68]P59 (19 PC; 20 chronic pancreatitis; 20 HS)MonoXi'an, China600298 K, 1D Noesy: 64 sc
PC[71]S157 (122 PC/periampullary cancer; 35 benign pancreatic/periampullary disease)MonoCalgary, Canada600298 K, 1D Noesy: 1024 sc; 2D TOCSY, HSQC
PC[69]P20 (10 PC; 10 HS)MonoPrague, Czech Republic500298 K, CPMG: 128 sc
CRC[87]S57 (38 CRC; 19 HS)MonoBirmingham, United Kingdom800CPMG: 128 sc; TOCSY: 32 sc; hadamard-TOCSY: 8 scasc
CRC[73]S297 (153 mCRC; 139 HS)MultiDenmark600310 K, CPMG: 64 sc; JRES: 1 sc
CRC[72]S112 (42 lCRC; 45 liver metast.; 25 extrahepatic metast.)MonoCalgary, Canada600298 K, 1D Noesy: 1024 sc; 2D TOCSY, HSQC
CRC[75]P70 (40 CRC; 30 liver metastases from CRC)MultiHamburg, Germany600300 K, 1D Noesy, CPMG and Diff: 64 sc each
CRC[74]S110 (40 CRC; 32 colorectal polyp patients; 38 HS)MonoXiamen, China600298 K, CPMG: 256 sc
PC[76]U87(33 PDAC; 54 HS)MonoVerona, Italy600300 K, 1D Noesy 32 sc; JRES and HSQC
PC[77]U89 (32 PDAC; 32 benign; 25 HS)MonoAlberta, Canada600298 K, 1D Noesy: 32 sc
GC[81]U145 (75 GC; 81 HS)MonoSeoul, Korea600298 K, 1D Noesy: 64 sc
GC[78]U123 (43 GC, 40 benign gastric disease, 40 HS)MultiAlberta, Canada600298 K, 1D Noesy: 128 sc
CRC[68]U113 (55 CRC; 18 EC; 40 HS)MonoGuangdong, China4001D Noesy: 256 sc
CRC[82]U62 CRCMonoAlberta, Canada600298 K, 1D Noesy: 32 sc
CRC[80]U248 (92 CRC; 156 HS)MonoSeoul, Korea500NA
CRC[83]ST33 (21 CRC; 11 HS)MonoValencia, Spain600283 K, CPMG: 256 sc; 2D TOCSY, HSQC
CRC[84]ST100 (68 CRC; 32 HS)MonoGuangdong, China400298 K, 1D Noesy: 64 sc
CRC[86]ST99 (50 CRC; 49 HS)MonoUnited Kingdom6001D Noesy 2816 sc; 2D COSY, HSQC and HMBC
CRC[85]ST140 (70 CRC; 70 HS)MonoGuangdong, China400298 K, 1D Noesy: 64 sc
S: Serum, P: Plasma, U: Urine, ST: Stool; PC: Pancreatic cancer; HS: Healthy subjects; CRC: Colorectal cancer; EC: Esophageal cancer; GC: Gastric cancer; lCRC: Locoregional; mCRC: Metastatic colorectal cancer; sc: Number of scans; NA: Not available information.
Table 2 Panel of altered metabolites’ levels identified in blood samples of gastrointestinal cancer patients vs healthy controls
S
P
S
PC[70]PC[67]PC[71]PC[68]PC[69]CRC[75]CRC[87]CRC[73]CRC[72]CRC[74]
2-aminobutyrate↓2
2-hydroxyisovalerate↓
2-oxoglutarate↑1
3-hydroxybutyrate↑↓↓↑↑↑↑
3-hydroxyisovalerate↓
Acetate↓↑↑
Acetoacetate↑↑
Acetone↑↑
Alanine↓↓↑↓↓
Arginine↑
Asparagine↓
Beta-alanine↓
Citrate↓↑↓↓
Creatine↓↓↓↑
Creatinine↑
Ethanol↓
Formate↑↓
Glucose↑
Glutamate↑↑↓↓↑
Glutamine↓↓↓↑↓↑↓
Glycerol↑↑
HDL↓
Histidine↓↓
Hypoxanthine↑
Isobutyrate↓
Isoleucine↑↓↑
Isopropanol↑
Lactate↓↓↑↑↓
LDL↓
Leucine↑↓↓
Lysine↓↓↓
Mannose↑↑↑
Myo-inositol↑
N-acetyl glycoproteins↑↑
O-phosphocholine↑
Ornithine↓
Phenylalanine↑↑↑
Proline↓↑↓
Pyruvate↑↓
Serine↑
Threonine↓↓
TMAO↓
Tyrosine↓↓↓
Urea↑
Valine↓↑↓↓
VLDL↑
1↑Higher metabolite levels in gastrointestinal cancers.
2↓Lower metabolite levels in gastrointestinal cancers. HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; TMAO: Trimetlylamine oxide; VLDL: Very-low-density lipoprotein; CRC: Colorectal cancer; PC: Pancreatic cancer.
Table 3 List of altered metabolites’ levels identified in urine samples of gastrointestinal cancer patients vs to healthy controls
U
PC[76]PC[77]CRC[79]CRC[80]GC[78]GC[81]
1-methylnicotinamide↑1↓2↓
2-furoylglycine↑
2-hydroxyisobutyrate↑
2-oxobutyrate↑
2-phenylacetamide↑
3-aminoisobutyrate↑↑
3-hydroxyisovalerate↓↑
4-hydroxyphenylacetate↑↑
4-pyridoxate↑
Acetate↑
Acetoacetate↑↑
Acetone↑↑
Acetylated compounds↑
Alanine↓↑↑↑
Aminobutyrate↑
Arginine↑
Ascorbate↓
Asparagine↓
Betaine↑
Choline↑↓
Cis-aconitate↑↑
Citrate↓↓
Creatinine↓↓↓
Cysteine↓
Dimethylamine↑↓
Dimethyl sulfone↓
Formate↑↑
Fucose↑
Glucose↑↑
Glutamine↑
Glycerol↓
Glycine↓↑
Glycolate↑
Guanido-acetate↑
Hippurate↓↓↓
Histidine↑
Homocysteine↑
Hypoxanthine↑↓
Indoxyl sulfate↑
Isocitrate↓
Lactate↑
Leucine↑↑
Mannitol↑
Methanol↓
Methionine↑
Methylamine↓
N-acetyl serotonin↑
N-methyl hydantoin↑
O-acetyl carnitine↑↑
Phenylacetyl glycine↑
Phenylalanine↓↑
Putrescine↑
Succinate↑
Sucrose↑
Taurine↑↑↑
Threonine↓
Threonine↑
TMAO↑
Trans-aconitate↑↑↑
Trigonelline↓↓
Tryptophan↑
Tyrosine↑
Urea↑
Valine↑
Xylose↑
1↑Higher metabolite levels in gastrointestinal cancers.
2↓Lower metabolite levels in gastrointestinal cancers. U: Urine; TMAO: Trimetlylamine oxide; CRC: Colorectal cancer; PC: Pancreatic cancer.
Table 4 Panel of altered metabolites’ levels identified in fecal water samples of gastrointestinal cancer patients versus healthy controls
Fw
CRC[83]CRC[84]CRC[86]CRC[85]
4-aminohippurate↓2
Acetate↓↓↓
Alanine↑1↓↑
Beta-alanine↓
Butyrate↓↓↓
Cholate↓
Deoxycholate↓
Galactose↓
Glucose↓↓
Glutamate↑↑
Glutamine↓↓
Glycerol↓
Hexose-phosphate↑
Isobutyrate↑
Isoleucine↑↓↑
Isovalerate↑
Lactate↑↑
Leucine↑↑↑
Litho deoxycholate↓
Methanol↓
Ornithine↓
Phenylacetate
Proline↑↑
Propionate↓↓
Succinate↑↑
Taurine↓
Valine↑↑
Xylose↓
1↑Higher metabolite levels in gastrointestinal cancers.
2↓Lower metabolite levels in gastrointestinal cancers. Fw: Fecal water; CRC: Colorectal cancer.